C.C.Bushnell 


Allyn  and  Bacon 


Southern  Branch 
of  the 

University  of  California 

Los  Angeles 


Form  L  I 


(»!£,! 
ATBD 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


MAR  2     192$ 
OCT  ?     W 


- 


'I! 

ri 


RECEIVED 


LI) 


AM 
7-4    ' 

4 


Form  L-9-15m-8.'24 


-URL 

271965    PM 


4-9 


READINGS  FROM  LATIN  VERSE 


WITH    NOTES 


BY 

CURTIS   C.    BUSHNELL,   PH.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  CLASSICS  IN  SYRACUSE  UKIVERSITY 


Boston 

ALLYN    AND    BACON 

1908 

49265 


COPYRIGHT,     1908,    BY 
CURTIS  C.   BUSHNELL. 


?A 


FRANCISCO  •  SMALLEY 

DECANO 

COMES  •  ET  .  AMICVS 

HVNC  •  LIBELLVM 

D  .  D 


iii 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE. 

THIS  little  book  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  needs  of 
my"  own  classes.  The  selections  have  been  made  primarily 
with  reference  to  their  literary  merit,  but  also  with  the 
intention  of  introducing  the  student  to  a  number  of  authors 
not  usually  read  in  the  earlier  portion  of  the  college  course. 

The  notes  are  greatly  indebted  to  the  works  named  under 
the  heading,  '  Reference.' 

I  am  under  obligations  to  Professor  E.  C.  Morris  of  Syra- 
cuse University  for  the  correction  of  the  manuscript  of  the 
notes,  and  to  Mr.  N.  L.  Willey,  Syracuse  University,  1908, 

for  assistance  in  proof-reading. 

C.  C.  B. 
SYRACUSE,  N.Y. 


•t^x*.    itxtx^ex. 

i 
(Xxixt-^ixi--*^ 


**  ,/*•> 

rMiutts^****.  -     t\AjLL****~+*+-   \j 


READINGS   FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

CLASSICAL  LATIN  POETRY. 

I.    ENNIUS.       •i+*A  ~H 

FROM    THE    ANNALS. 
i.  The  Lament  for  Romulus. 

Pectora  fida  tenet  desiderium  :  simul  inter 
sese  sic  memorant,  '  o  Romule,  Romule  die, 
qualem  te  patriae  custodem  di  genuerunt  ! 
0  pater,  o  genitor,  o  sanguen  dis  oriundum, 
tu  produxisti  nos  intra  luminis  oras.' 

2.  Pyrrhus  dismissing  the  Prisoners  without  Ransom. 

Nee  mi  aurum  posco  nee  mi  pretium  dederitis  : 
nee  cauponantes  bellum  sed  belligerantes 
ferro,  non  auro,  vitam  cernamus  utrique. 
Vosne  velit  an  me  regnare  era  quidve  ferat  Fors 
virtute  experiamur.     Et  hoc  simul  accipe  dictum 
quorum  virtuti  belli  fortuna  pepercit 
eorundem  libertati  me  parcere  certumst. 
Dono^ducite  doque  volentibus  cum  magnis  dis. 

3.  M.'  Curius. 

Quern  nemo  ferro  potuit  superare  nee  auro. 
1 


2  HEADINGS    FROM    LATIN    VERSE. 

4.  Q.  Fabius  Maximus. 

Unus  homo  nobis  cunctando  restituit  rem ; 

noenum  rumores  ponebat  ante  salutem ; 

ergo  pi  usque  magisque  viri  imnc  gloria  claret. 

5.  The  Strength  of  Rome. 
Moribus  antiquis  res  stat  Romana  virisque. 

FROM    THE    TRAGEDIES.  I 

6.  A  Bereaved  Father's  Fortitude. 

l£go  cum  genui,  turn  morituros  scivi  et  ei  re  siistuli. 
Praeterea  ad  Troiam  cum  misi  ob  defendendam  Graeciam, 
scibam  me  in  mortiferum  bellum,  ndn  in  epulas  mittere. 

7.  '  Gods  Careless  of  Mankind.' 

l£go  deum  genus  esse  semper  dixi  et  dicam  caelitum, 
sed  eos  non  curare  opinor,  quid  agat  humanum  genus ; 
nam  si  curent,  bene  bonis  sit,  male  malis ;  quod  mine  abest. 

FROM    THE    EPIGRAMS. 
8.  Ennius'  Epitaph. 

Nemo  me  dacrumis  decoret  nee  funera  fletu 
faxit.     Cur  ?     Volito  vivus  per  ora  virum. 

\- 
II.   LUCKETIUS. 

nA3*A'*' 

i.  'Things  unattempted  yet  in  Prose  or  Rhyme.'  ,    .-* 

Nunc  age  quod  superest  cognosce  et  clarius  audi. 
Nee  me  animi  fallit  quam  sint  obscura;  sed  acri 
percussit  thyrso  laudis  spes  magna  meum  cor 


LUCRETIUS. 


et  simul  incussit  suavem  mi  pectus  amorem 

musarum,  guo  nunc  instinctus  mente  vigenti 

avia  fieridunx  peragro  loca  nullius  ante 

trita  solo.     luvat  integros  accedere  fontes 

atque  haurire,  iuvatque  novos  decerpere 

insignenique  meo.capiti  petere  inde  coronam 

uncje  prms  nujlf  velarint  tempora  musae ;  10 

primuin  quod  magnja  doceo  de  rebus  et  artis 

retigRnuSani m um  nodis  exsolvere  pergo, 

deinde  quod  ob_scura  de  re  tarn  lucida  pango 

carmina,  musaeo  contingens  cuncta  lepore. 

De,  Eerum  Natura  I.  921-934. 

A* 

2.  The  Praise  of  Epicurus. 

E  tenebris  tantis  tarn  clarum  extollere  lumen 
qui  primus  potuisti  inlustrans  commoda  vitae, 
te  sequor,  o  Graiae  gentis  decus,  inque  tuis  nunc 
o__Dono_pressis  vestigia  signis, 


non  ita  q£r£anjdi  cupidus  quam  propter  amorem  5 

quod  te  imitari  aveo  ;  quid  enim  contendat  hirundo 

cycnis,  au^quidnam  trejmilis  facere  artubjjs  haedi 

consimilB  in  cursu  possint  et  fortis  equi  vis  ? 

Tu,  pater,  es  rerum  inventor,  tu  patria  nobis 

suppeditas  praecepta,  tuisque  ex,  inclute,  chartis,  10 

floriferis  ut  apes  in  saltibus  omnia  libant, 

omnia  nos  itidein  depascimur  aurea  dicta, 

aurea,  perpetua  semper  dignissima  vita. 

Nam  simul  ac  ratio  tua  coepit  vociferari 

naturam  rerum,  divina  mente  coorta,  15 

diffugiunt  animi  terrores,  moenia  mundi 

discedunt,  totum.  video  per  inane  geri  res. 

Apparet  divum  numen  sedesque  quietae 

quas  neque  concutiunt  venti  nee  nubila  nimbis 


4  HEADINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

aspergunt  neque  nix  acri  concreta  pruina  20 

cana  cadens  violat  semperque  innubilus  aether 
integit,  et  large  diffuse  lumine  rident. 
Omnia  suppeditat  porro  natura  neque  ulla 
res  aninii  pacem  delibat  tempore  in  ullo. 
At  contra  nusquam  apparent  Acherusia  templa  25 

nee  tellus  obstat  quin  omnia  dispiciantur, 
sub  pedibus  quaecumque  infra  per  inane  geruntur. 
His  ibi  me  rebus  quaedam  divina  voluptas 
percipit  adque  horror,  quod  sic  natura  tua  vi 
tarn  manifesta  patens  ex  omni  parte  retecta  est.  30 

Id.  III.  1-30. 

3.  The  Changing  Seasons. 

It  ver  et  Venus,  et  veris  praenuntius  ante 

pennatus  graditur  zephyrus,  vestigia  propter 

Flora  qnibus  mater  praespargens  ante  viai 

cuncta  coloribus  egregiis  et  odoribus  opplet. 

Inde  loci  sequitur  calor  aridus  et  comes  una  5 

pulverulenta  Ceres  et  etesia  Habra  aquilonum. 

Inde  autumnus  adit,  graditur  simul  Euhius  Euan. 

Inde  aliae  tempestates  ventique  secuntur, 

altitonans  Volturnus  et  auster  fulmine  pollens. 

Tandem  bruma  nives  adfert  pigrumque  rigorem,  10 

prodit  hiemps,  sequitur  crepitans  hanc  dentibus  algor. 

Id.  V.  736-746. 


4.  The  Origin  of  Superstition. 

Ergo  perfugium  sibi  habebant  omnia  divis 
tradere  et  illorum  nutu  facere  omnia  flecti. 
In  caeloque  deum  sedes  et  templa  locarunt, 
per  caelum  volvi  quia  nox  et  luna  videtur, 
luna  dies  et  nox  et  noctis  signa  severa 


LUCRETIUS.  5 

noctivagaeque  faces  caeli  flammaeque  volantes, 

nubila  sol  imbres  nix  venti  fulmina  grando 

et  rapid!  fremitus  et  murmura  inagna  minarum. 

0  genus  infelix  huinanum,  talia  divis 
cum  tribuit  facta  atque  iras  adiunxit  acerbas !  10 

quantos  turn  gemitus  ipsi  sibi,  quantaque  nobis 
volnera,  quas  lacrimas  peperere  minoribu'  nostris! 
Nee  pietas  ullast  velatum  saepe  videri 
vertier  ad  lapidem  atque  omnis  accedere  ad  aras 
•  nee  procumbere  humi  prostratum  et  pandere  palmas   15 
ante  deum  delubra  nee  aras  sanguine  multo 
spargere  quadrupedum  nee  votis  nectere  vota, 
sed  mage  pacata  posse  omnia  mente  tueri. 
Nam  cum  suspicimus  magni  caelestia  mundi 
templa,  super  stellisque  micantibus  aethera  fixum,      20 
et  venit  in  mentem  solis  lunaeque  viarum, 
tune  aliis  oppressa  malis  in  pectora  cura 
ilia  quoque  expergefactum  caput  erigere  infit, 
nequae  forte  deum  nobis  inmensa  potestas 
sit,  vario  motu  quae  Candida  sidera  verset.  25 

Temptat  enim  dubiam  mentem  rationis  egestas, 
ecquaenam  fuerit  mundi  genitalis  origo, 
et  simul  ecquae  sit  finis,  quoad  moenia  mundi 
solliciti  motus  hunc  possint  ferre  laborem, 
an  divinitus  aeterna  donata  salute  30 

.perpetuo  possint  aevi  labentia  tractu 
'dnmensi  validas  aevi  contemnere  viris. 
Praeterea  cui  non  animus  formidine  divum 
contrahitur,  cui  non  corr.epu.nt  membra  pavore, 
fulminis  horribili  cum  plaga  torrida  tellus  35 

contremit  et  magnum  percurrunt  murmura  caelum  ? 
Non  populi  gentesque  tremunt,  regesque  superbi 
corripiunt  divum  percussi  membra  tiniore, 


READINGS   FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

nequid  ob  adinissum  foede  dictumve  superbe 
poenarum  grave  sit  solvendi  tempus  adultura  ?  40 

Denique  sub  pedibus  tellus  cuin  tota  vacillat 
concussaeque  cadunt  urbes  dubiaeque  minantur, 
quid  mirum  si  se  temnunt  mortalia  saecla 
atque  potestatis  magnas  mirasque  relinqunt 
in  rebus  viris  divum,  quae  cuncta  gubernent?  45 

Id.  V.  1186-1225,  1236-1240. 


III.     CATULLUS. 
i.  Exposed  to  a  Draft. 

Furi,  villula  nostra  non  ad  Austri 
flatus  oppositast  neque  ad  Favoni 
.          ^j*        nee  saevi  Boreae  aut  Apeliotae, 

\^  verum  ad  milia  quindecim  et  ducentos. 

0  ventum  horribilem  atque  pestilentem  ! 


2-   -A-n  Affected  Pronunciation. 

Chommoda  dicebat,  si  quando  commoda  vellet 

dicere,  et  insidias  Arrius  hinsidias, 
et  turn  mirifice  sperabat  se  esse  locutum, 

cum  quantum  poterat  dixerat  hinsidias. 
Credo,  sic  mater,  sic  liber  avonculus  eius,  5 

sic  maternus  avos  dixerat  atque  avia. 
Hoc  misso  in  Syriam  requierant  omnibus  aures  : 

audibant  eadem  haec  leniter  et  leviter, 
nee  sibi  postilla  metuebant  talia  verba, 

cum  subito  adfertur  nuntius  horribilis,  10 

lonios  fluctus,  postquam  illuc  Arrius  isset, 

iam  non  lonios  esse,  sed  Hionios. 

LXXXIV. 


CATULLUS.  7 

3.  The  Dead  Pet. 

Lugete,  o  Veneres  Cupidinesque 

et  quantum  est  hominum  venustiorum  ! 

Passer  mortuus  est  meae  puellae, 

passer,  deliciae  meae  puellae, 

quern  plus  ilia  oculis  suis  amabat;  5 

nam  mellitus  erat,  suamque  norat 

ipsam  tarn  bene  quam  puella  matrem, 

nee  sese  a  gremio  illius  movebat 

sed  circumsiliens  modo  hue  modo  illuc 

ad  solam  dominam  usque  pipilabat.  10 

Qui  nunc  it  per  iter  tenebricosum 

illuc  unde  negant  redire  quemquam. 

At  vobis  male  sit,  malae  tenebrae 

Orci,  quae  omnia  bella  devoratis ; 

tam  belluin  mihi  passerem  abstulistis.  15 

0  factum  male  !  io  iniselle  passer ! 

Tua  nunc  opera  meae  puellae 

flendo  turgiduli  rubent  ocelli. 

777. 

4.   Veranius,  Welcome! 

Verani,  omnibus  e  meis  amicis 

antistans  mihi  milibus  trecentis^ 

venistine  domum  ad  tuos  penates 

fratresque  unanimos  anumque  matrem  ? 

Venisti !  o  mihi  nuntii  beati !  6 

Visam  te  incolumem  audiamque  Hiberum 

narrantem  loca,  facta,  nationes, 

ut  mos  est  tuus,  adplicansque  collum 

iucundum  os  oculosque  saviabor. 

0  quantum  est  hominum  beatiorum,  10 

quid  me  laetius  est  beatiusve  ? 

IX. 


READINGS  FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

5.  Homeward  Bound. 

Iain  ver  egelidos  refert  tepores, 
lain  caeli  furor  aequinoctialis 
iucundis  Zephyri  silescit  auris. 
Linquantur  Phrygii,  Catulle,  campi 
Nicaeaeque  ager  uber  aestuosae :  5 

ad  claras  Asiae  volemus  urbes. 
lam  mens  praetrepidans  avet  vagari, 
.    iam  laeti  studio  pedes  vigescunt. 
0  dulces  comitum  valete  coetus, 
longe  quos  simul  a  domo  profectos  10 

diversae  variae  viae  reportant. 

XL  VI. 

6.  Home  at  Last. 

Paene  insularum,  Sirmio,  insularumque 

ocelle,  quascumque  in  liquentibus  stagnis 

marique  vasto  fert  uterque  Neptunus, 

quam  te  libenter  quamque  laetus  inviso, 

vix  mi  ipse  credens  Thyn;am  atque  Bithynos  5 

liquisse  campos  et  videre  te  in  tuto  ! 

0  quid  solutis  est  beatius  curis, 

cum  mens  onus  reponit,  ac  peregrine 

labore  fessi  venimus  lareni  ad  nostrum 

desideratoque  adquiescimus  lecto  ?  10 

Hoc  est  quod  unum  est  pro  laboribus  tantis. 

Salve,  o  venusta  Sirmio,  atque  ero  gaude: 

gaudete  vosque,  o  Lydiae  lacus  undae  : 

ridete,  quidquid  est  domi  cachinnorum. 

XXXI. 

7.  Sympathy  in  Sorrow. 

Si  quicquam  mutis  gratum  acceptumve  sepulcris 
accidere  a  nostro,  Calve,  dolore  potest, 


CATULLUS. 


quo  desiderio  veteres  renovamus  amores 

atque  olim  missas  flemus  amicitias, 
certe  non  tanto  mors  inmatura  dolori  est  5 

Q.nintiliae,  quantum  gaudet  amore  tuo. 

XCVI. 

8.   'Vita  Prater  Amabilior.' 

Etsi  me  adsiduo  confectum  cura  dolore 

sevocat  a  doctis,  Ortale,  virginibus, 
nee  potis  est  dulcis  Musarum  expromere  fetus 

mens  animi :  tantis  fluctuat  ipsa  inalis : 
namque  mei  nuper  Lethaeo  gurgite  fratris  5 

pallidulum  manans  adluit  unda  pedem, 
Troia  Khoeteo  quern  subter  litore  tellus 

ereptura  nostris  obterit  ex  oculis. 

Nunquam  ego  te  vita  frater  amabilior 
adspiciam  posthac :  at  certe  semper  amabo,  10 

semper  maesta  tua  carmina  morte  canam, 
qualia  sub  densis  ramorum  concinit  umbris 

Daulias  absumpti  fata  gemens  Ityli : 
sed  tamen  in  tant'is  maeroribus,  Ortale,  mitto 

haec  expressa  tibi  carmina  Battiadae,  15 

ne  tua  dicta  vagis  nequiquam  credita  ventis 

effluxisse  meo  forte  putes  animo. 

LXV.  1-8,  10-18. 

9.  '  Frater,  Ave  atque  Vale.' 

Multas  per  gentes  et  multa  per  aequora  vectus 
advenio  has  miseras,  frater,  ad  ihferias, 

ut  te  postremo  donarem  munere  mortis 
et  mutam  nequiquam  adloquerer  cinerem, 

quaifdOqumem  fortuna  mihi  tete  abstulit  ipsum,  5 

heu  miser  indigne  frater  adempte  niihi. 


10  READINGS  FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

ISTunc  tamen  interea  haec,  prisco  quae  more  parentum 

tradita  sunt  tristi  munere  ad  inferias, 
accipe  fraterno  multum  manantia  fletu 

atque  in  perpetuum,  frater,  ave  atque  vale.  .     10 

CI. 

\  \  IV.     VERGIL. 

i.  The  Tale  of  Aristaeus. 

Quis  deus  hanc,  Musae,  quis  nobis  extudit  artem  ? 

Unde  nova  ingressus  hominum  experientia  cepit  ? 

Pastor  Aribt.ac-.ts-  fallens  Peueia  Temp^. 

amissis,  ut  fama,  apibus  morboque  fameque, 

tristis  ad  extremi  sacrum  capnt  adstitit  amnis,  5 

multa  querens,  atque  hac  adfatus  voce  parentem : 

mater,  Cyrene  mater,  quae  gurgitis  huius 

ima  tenes,  quid  me  praeclara  stirpe  deorum  — 

si  modo,  quern  perhibes^  pater  est  Thymbraeus  Apollo  — 

invisum  fatis  genuisti  ?     aut  quo  tibi  nostri.  10 

pulsus  amor  ?     quid  me  caelum  sperare  iubebas  ? 

En  etiam  hunc  ipsum  vitae  rnortalis  honorem, 

quern  mihi  vix  frugum  et  pecudum  custodia  sellers 

omnia  temptanti  extuderat,  te  matre,  relinquo. 

Quin  age,  et  ipsa  manu  felicis  erue  silvas,  15 

fer  stabulis  inimicum  ignem  atque  internee  messis, 

lire  sata,  et  validam  in  vitis  molire  bipennem, 

tanta  meae  si  te  ceperunt  taedia  laudis. 

At  mater  sonitum  thalamo  sub  fluminis  alti 

sensit.     Earn  circum  Milesia  vellera  Nymphae  20 

carpebant,  hyali  saturo  fucata  colore, 

Drymoque,  Xanthoque,  Ligeaque,  Phyllodoceque, 

caesariem  effusae  nitidam  per  Candida  colla, 

[Nesaee,  Spioque,  Thaliaque,  Cymodoceque,] 

Cydippeque  et  flava  Lycorias,  altera  virgo,  25 


VERGIL.  11 

altera  turn  primes  Lucinae  experta  labores, 

Clioque  et  Beroe  soror,  Oceanitides  ambae, 

ambae  auro,  pictis  incinctae  pellibus  ambae, 

atque  Ephyre,  atque  Opis,  et  Asia  Deiopea, 

et  tandem  positis  velox  Arethusa  sagittis.  30 

Inter  quas  curam  Clymene  narrabat  inanem 

Volcani,  Martisque  dolos  et  dulcia  furta, 

aque  Chao  densos  divom  numerabat  amores. 

Carmine  quo  captae  dum  fusis  mollia  pensa 

devolvunt,  iterum  maternas  inpulit  auris  35 

luctus  Aristaei,  vitreisque  sedilibus  omnes 

obstipuere ;  sed  ante  alias  Arethusa  sorores 

prospiciens  summa  flavum  caput  extulit  unda, 

et  procul :  0  gemitu  non  frustra  exterrita  tanto, 

Cyrene  soror,  ipse  tibi,  tua  maxuma  cura,  40 

tristis  Aristaeus  Penei  genitoris  ad  undam 

stat  iacrimans,  et  te  crudelem  nomine  dicit. 

Huic  percussa  nova  mentem  formidine  mater, 

Due,  age,  due  ad  nos ;  fas  illi  limina  divom 

tangere,  ait.     Simul  alta  iubet  discedere  late  45 

flurnina,  qua  iuvenis  gressus  inferret.     At  ilium 

curvata  in  montis  faciem  circumstetit  unda 

accepitque  sinu  vasto  misitque  sub  amneni. 

lamque  domum  mirans  genetricis  et  humida  regna 

speluncisque  lacus  clauses  lucosque  sonantis  50 

ibat,  et  ingenti  motu  stupefactus  aquarum 

omnia  sub  magna  labentia  flumina  terra 

spectabat  diversa  locis,  Phasimque,  Lycumque, 

et  caput,  unde  altus  primum  se  erumpit  Enipeus, 

unde  pater  Tiberinus,  et  unde  Aniena  fluenta,  55 

saxosusque  sonans  Hypanis,  Mysusque  Caicus, 

et  gemina  auratus  taurino  cornua  voltu 

Eridanus,  quo  non  alius  per  pinguia  culta 


12  HEADINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

in  mare  purpureum  violentior  effluit  amnis. 

Postquam  est  in  thalami  pendentia  pumice  tecta  60 

perventum,  et  nati  fletus  cognovit  inanis 

Gyrene,  manibus  liquidos  dant  ordine  fontis 

germanae,  tonsisque  ferunt  mantelia  villis ; 

pars  epulis  onerant  mensas,  et  plena  reponunt 

pocula ;  Panchaeis  adolescunt  ignibus  arae  ;  65 

et  mater,  Cape  Maeonii  carchesia  Bacchi : 

Oceano  libemus,  ait.     Simul  ipsa  precatur 

Oceanumque  patrem  rerum  Nymphasque  sorores, 

centum  quae  silvas,  centum  quae  flumina  servant. 

Ter  liquido  ardentem  perfudit  nectare  Vestam,  70 

ter  flamma  ad  summum  tecti  subiecta  reluxit. 

Omine  quo  firmans  animum  sic  incipit  ipsa: 

Est  in  Carpathio  Neptuni  gurgite  vates 
caeruleus  Proteus,  magnum  qui  piscibus  aequor 
et  iuncto  bipedum  curru  metitur  equorum.  75 

Hie  nunc  Emathiae  portus  patriamque  revisit 
Pallenen  ;  hunc  et  Nymphae  veneramur  et  ipse 
grandaevus  Nereus  ;  novit  namque  omnia  vates, 
quae  sint,  quae  fuerint,  quae  mox  ventura  trahantur. 
Quippe  ita  Neptuno  visum  est,  inmania  cuius  80 

armenta  et  turpis  pascit  sub  gurgite  phocas. 
Hie  tibi,  nate,  prius  vinclis  capiendus,  ut  omnem 
expediat  morbi  caussam,  eventusque  secundet. 
Nam  sine  vi  non  ulla  dabit  praecepta,  neque  ilium 
orando  flectes  :  vim  duram  et  vincula  capto  85 

tende ;  doli.  circum  haec  demum  f rangentur  inanes. 
Ipsa  ego  te,  medios  cum  sol  accenderit  aestus, 
cum  sitiuiit  herbae,  et  pecbri  iam  gratior  umbra  est, 
in  secreta  senis  ducam,  quo  fessus  ab  nndis 
se  recipit,  facile  ut  somno  adgrediare  iacentem.  90 

Verum  ubi  correptum  manibus  vinclisque  tenebis, 


VERGIL.  13 

turn  variae  eludent  species  atque  ora  ferarum. 

Fiet  enim  subito  sus  horridus,  atraque  tigris, 

squamosusque  draco,  et  fulva  cervice  leaena ; 

aut  acrem  flammae  sonitum  dabit,  atque  ita  vinclis  95 

excidet,  aut  in  aquas  tenuis  dilapsus  abibit. 

Sed  quanto  ille  raagis  formas  se  vertet  in  omnis, 

tanto,  nate,  magis  contende  tenacia  vincla, 

donee  talis  erit  mutato  corpore,  qualem  . 

videris,  iiicepto  tegeret  cum  lumina  somno.  100 

Haec  ait,  et  liquidurn  ambrosiae  diffundit  odorem, 
quo  totum  nati  corpus  perduxit ;  at  illi 
dulcis  conpositis  spiravit  crinibus  aura, 
atque  habilis  membris  venit  vigor.     Est  specus  ingens 
exesi  latere  in  montis,  quo  plurima  vento  105 

cogitur  inque  sinus  scindit  sese  unda  reductos, 
deprensis  olim  statio  tutissima  nautis ; 
intus  se  vasti  Proteus  tegit  obiice  saxi. 
Hie  iuvenem  in  latebris  aversum  a  lumine  Nympha 
collocat;  ipsa  procul  nebulis  obscura  resistit.  110 

lam  rapidus  torrens  sitientis  Sirius  Indos 
ardebat  caelo,  et  medium  sol  igneus  orbem 
hauserat ;  arebant  herbae,  et  cava  flumina  siccis 
faucibus  ad  limum  radii  tepefacta  coquebant : 
cum  Proteus  consueta  petens  e  fluctibus  antra  115 

ibat;  eum  vasti  circum  gens  humida  ponti 
exsultans  rorem  late  dispergit  amarum. 
Sternunt  se  somno  diversae  in  litore  phocae ; 
ipse,  velut  stabuli  custos  in  montibus  olim, 
vesper  ubi  e  pastu  vitulos  ad  tecta  reducit  120 

auditisque  lupos  acuunt  balatibus  agni, 
considit  scopulo  medius,  numerumque  recenset. 
Qums  Aristaeo  quoniam  est  oblata  facultas, 
vix  defessa  senem  passus  conponere  membra, 


14  READINGS  PROM  LATIN  VERSE. 

cum  clamore  ruit  magno,  manicisque  iacentem  125 

occupat.     Ille  suae  contra  non  inmemor  artis 

omnia  transforinat  sese  in  rairacula  rerum, 

ignemque,  horribilemque  feram,  fluviumque  liquentem. 

Verum  ubi  nulla  fugam  reperit  fallacia,  victus 

in  sese  redit,  atque  hominis  tandem  ore  locutus :  130 

Nam  quis  te,  iuvenum  confidentissime,  nostras 

iussit  adire  domos  ?    quidve  hinc  petis  ?    inquit.     At  iLe: 

Scis,  Proteu,  scis  ipse ;  neque  est  te  f allere  quicquam ; 

sed  tu  desine  velle.     Deum  praecepta  secuti 

venimus,  hinc  lassis  quaesitum  oracula  rebus.  135 

Tantuin  effatus.     Ad  haec  vates  vi  denique  multa 

ardentis  oculos  intorsit  lumine  glauco, 

et  graviter  f rendens  sic  fatis  ora  resolvit : 

Non  te  nullius  exercent  numinis  irae. 

Magna  luis  commissa :  tibi  has  miserabilis  Orpheus  140 

haud  qivaquam  ob  meritum  poenas,  ni  Fata  resistant, 
suscitat,  et  rapta  graviter  pro  coniuge  saevit. 
Ilia  quidem,  dum  te  fngeret  per  flumina  praeceps, 
inmauem  ante  pedes  hydrum  moritura  puella 
servantem  ripas  alta  non  vidit  in  herba.  145 

At  chorus  aequalis  Dryadum  clamore  supremos 
inplerunt  mentis ;  flerunt  Rhodopeiae  arces, 
altaque  Pangaea,  et  Rhesi  Mavortia  tellus, 
atque  Getae,  atque  Hebrus,  et  Actias  Orithyia. 
Ipse,  cava  solans  aegrum  testudine  amorem,  150 

te,  dulcis  coniunx,  te  solo  in  litore  secum, 
te  veniente  die,  te  decedente  canebat. 
Taenarias  etiam  fauces,  alta  ostia  Ditis, 
et  caligantem  nigra  formidine  lucum 

ingressus,  Manisque  adiit  Regemque  tremendum,  155 

nesciaque  humanis  precibus  mansuescere  corda. 
At  cantu  commotae  Erebi  de  sedibus  imis 


VERGIL.  15 

umbrae  ibant  tenues  siraulacraque  luce  carentum, 

uam  multa  in  foliis  aviuin  se  milia  condunt, 
vesper  ubi  aut  hibernus  agit  de  montibus  imber,  160 

matres  atque  viri,  defunctaque  corpora  vita 
magnaniinuni  heroura,  pueri  innuptaeque  puellae, 
inpositique  rogis  iuvenes  ante  ora  parentum ; 
quos  circum  limus  niger  et  deformis  arundo 
Cocyti  tardaque  palus  inarnabilis  unda  165 

alligat,  et  noviens  Styx  interfusa  coercet. 
Quin  ipsae  stupuere  domus  atque  intima  Leti 
Tartara  caeruleosque  inplexae  crinibus  anguis 
Eumenides,  tenuitque  inhians  tria  Cerberus  ora, 
atque  Ixionii  vento  rota  constitit  orbis.  170 

lamque  pedem  referens  casus  evaserat  omnis, 
redditaque  Eurydice  superas  veniebat  ad  auras, 
pone  sequens,  —  namque  hanc  dederat  Proserpina  legem  — 
cum  subita  incautum  dementia  cepit  amantem, 
ignoscenda  quidem,  scirent  si  ignoscere  Manes :  175 

restitit,  Eurydicenque  suam,  iam  luce  sub  ipsa, 
inmemor,  heu !     victusque  animi  respexit.     Ibi  omnis 
effusus  labor,  atque  inmitis  rupta  tyranni 
foedera,  terque  fragor  stagnis  auditus  Avernis. 
Ilia,  Quis  et  me,  inquit,  miseram,  et  te  perdidit,  Orpheu,  180 
quis  tantus  furor  ?     En  iterum  crudelia  retro 
fata  vocant,  conditque  natantia  lumina  somnus. 
lamque  vale :  feror  ingenti  circumdata  nocte, 
invalidasque  tibi  tendens,  heu  non  tua,  palmas ! 
Dixit,  et  ex  oculis  subito,  ceu  fumus  in  auras  185 

commix^us  tennis,  fugit  di versa,  neque  ilium, 
prensantem  nequiquam  umbras  et  multa  volentem 
dicere,  praeterea  vidit ;  nee  portitor  Orci 
amplius  obiectam  passus  transire  paludem. 
Quid  f aceret  ?     quo  se  rapta  bis  coniuge  ferret  ?  190 


16  READINGS   FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

Quo  fletu  Manis,  qua  Numina  voce  moveret  ? 

Ilia  quidem  Stygia  nabat  iam  frigida  cymba. 

Septem  ilium  totos  perhibent  ex  ordine  menses 

rupe  sub  aeria  deserti  ad  Strymonis  undam 

flevisse,  et  gelidis  haec  evolvisse  sub  antris,  195 

mulcentem  tigris  et  agentem  carmine  quercus  ; 

qualis  populea  maerens  philomela  sub  umbra 

amissos  queritur  fetus,  quos  durus  arator 

observaus  nido  inplumis  detraxit  ;  at  ilia 

flet  noctem,  ramoque  sedens  miserabile  carmen  200 

integrat,  et  maestis  late  loca  questibus  inplet. 

Nulla  Venus,  non  ulli  aninium  flexere  hymenaei. 

Solus  Hyperboreas  glacies  Tanaimque  nivalem 

arvaque  Rhipaeis  numquam  viduata  pruinis 

lustrabat,  raptam  Eurydicen  atque  inrita  Ditis  205 

dona  querens  ;  spretae  Ciconum  quo  munere  matres 

inter  sacrajleum  nocturnique  orgia  Bacchi 


1^**  . 

discefptum  Tatos  luvenem  spaj-sere  per  agros. 

Turn  quoque  marmorea  caput  a  cervice  revolsum 

gurgite  cum  medio  portans  Oeagrius  Hebrus  210 

volveret,  Eurydicen  vox  ipsa  et  frigida  lingua, 

Ah  miseram  Eurydicen  !     anima  fugiente  vocabat  ; 

Eurydicen  toto  referebant  flumine  ripae. 

Haec  Proteus,  et  se  i&£tu  dedit  aequor  in  altum, 
quaque  dedit,  spumantem  undam  sub  vertice  torsit.  215 

At  non  Cyrene;  namque  ultro  adfata  timentem  : 

:n.t"**'  >v«^>^      . 
Nate,  licet  tristis  animo  deponere  curas. 

Haec  omnis  tforbicgAissa  ;  hinc  miserabile  Nymphae, 

cum  quibus  u^cnoros  lucis  agitabat  in  altis, 

exitium  misere  apibus.     Tu  munera  supplex  220 

tende,  petens  pacem,  et  facj]is  venerare  Napaeas  ; 

namque  dabunt  veniam  votis,  irasque  remittent. 

Sed,  modus  orandi  qui  sit,  prius  ordine  dicam. 


PHAEDRUS.  *r        17 


Quattuor  eximios  praesbauti  cor  pore  tauros, 
qui  tibi  nunc  viridis  depascunt  summa  Lycaei,  225 

delige,  et  intacta  totidem  cervice  iuvencas. 
Quattuor  his  aras  alta  ad  delubra  dearum 
constitue,  et  sacrum  iugrni^cleraitte  cruorem, 
corporaque  ipsa  bourn  frondoso  desere  luco.     ^V*s 
Post,  ubi  nona  suos  Aurora  ostenderit  ortus,rt/^  230 

JM  •v***Tnf_eriais  Or'phei  Lethaea  papavera  mittes, 

et  nigram  mactabis  ovem,  lucumque  revises  ; 
placatara  Eurydicen  vitula  venerabere  caesa. 

Haud  mora;  continue  matris  praecepta  facessit; 
ad  delubra  venit,  monstratas  excitat  aras,  235 

quattuor  eximios  praestanti  corpore  tauros 
ducit,  et  intacta  totidem  cervice  iuvencas. 
Post  ubi  nona  suos  Aurora  induxerat  ortus, 
inferias  Orphei  mittit,  lucumque  revisit. 
Hie  vero  subitum  ac  dictu  mirabile  monstrum  240 

aspiciunt,  liquefacta  bourn  per  viscera  toto 
strjdgi-e  apes  utero  et  ruptis  effervere  costis, 
inmensasque  trahi  nubes,  iamque  arbore  summa 
confluere  et  lentis  uvam  demittere  ramis. 

Georgics  IV.  315-558. 

V.     PHAEDKUS. 
i.   Prologue. 

Aesopus  auctor  quam  materiam  repperit, 
hanc  ego  polivi  versibus  seriariis. 
Duplex  libelli  dTs'  e's't:  quod  risum  movet 
et  quod  prudenti  vitam  consilio  monet. 
Calumniari  siquis  autem  voluerit,     ^^Jb^r 
quod  arbores  loquantur,  nofftanCum  ferae, 

fictis  iocari  nos  meminerit  fabulis. 

I.  Protogus. 


18  READINGS   FROM  LATIN   VERSE. 

2.  The  Wolf  and  the  Lamb. 

Ad  rivum  eundem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant 

siti  compulsi ;  superior  stabat  lupus 

longeque  inferior  agnus.     Tune  fauce" 

latro  incitatus  iurgii  causam  intulit. 

Cur,  inquit,  turbulentam  fecisti  mihi  5 

aquam  bibenti  ?     Laniger  contra  timens:      ^j^**^  '  ^*** 

Qui  possum,  quaeso,  facere  quod  quereris,  lupe  ? 

A  te  decurrit  ad  meos  haustus  liquor. 

Repulsus  ille  veritatis  viribus : 

Ante  hos  sex  mensis  male,  ait,  dixisti  mihi.  10 

Respondit  agnus :  Equidem  natus  non  eram. 


Haec  propter  illos  scripta  est  homines  fabula, 
qui  fictis  causis  innocentes  opprimunt.  15 

I.  L 

3.  The  Dog,  the  Meat,  and  the  River ;  or,  Greed  its  own  Punishment. 

Amittit  merito  proprium  qui  alienum  adpetit. 
Canis  per  flumen  cavnem  dum  ferret  natans, 
lympharum  in  speculo  vidit  simulacrum  suum, 
aliamque  praedam  ab  altero  ferri  putans 
eripere  voluit :  verum  decepta  aviditas  5 

et  quern  tenebat  ore  diniisit  cibum, 
nee  quern  petebat  potuit  aijgo  adtingere. 

/.  4. 

4.  Aesop  and  the  Insolent  Fellow. 

Successus  ad  perniciem  multos  devocat. 
Aesopo  quidam  petulans  lapidein  impegerat. 
Tanto,  inquit,  melior !     Assern  deinde  illi  dedit, 


sic  prosecutus :  Plus  non  habeo  mehercule, 
sed,  unde  accipere  possis,  monstrabo  tibi.  5 

Venit  ecce  dives  et  potens :  huic  similiter 
impinge  lapidem  et  dignum  accipies  praemium. 
*\  e^**'*WPersuasus  ille  fecit  quod  monitus  fuit ; 
sed  spes  fef ellit  inpudentem  audaciam : 
conprensus  namque  poenas  persolvit  crirce.  10 

///.  5. 

5.  How  Castor  and  Pollux  rewarded  Simonides. 
*A*f*Z~. — fctrv&**f 

Quantum  vaiereni  inter  homines  litterae, 

dixi  superius :  quantus  nunc  illis  honos 
a  superis  sit  tributus,  tradam  memoriae. 

Simonides  idem  ille,  de  quo  rettuli, 
vigtori  laudern  cuidam  pyctae  ut  scriberet,  5 

certo  conductus  pretio  secretum  petit. 
Exigua  cum  frenaret  materia  impetum, 

"l"1  p4^^ 

usus  poetae  more  est  et  licentia  j^JU^/i' 

atque  interposuit  geminaj^dae  piffliera,     >£-<r^«''w* 
auctoritatem  similis  referaas  gToriae.  10 

Opus  adprobavit;  sed  mercedis  tertiam 
accepit  partem.     Cum  relicuam  posceret : 
illi,  inquit,  reddent,  quorum  sunt  laudis  duae. 
Verura,  ut  ne  irate  te  dimissum  censeas, 
ad  cenam  mihi  promitte ;  cognatos  volo  15 

hodie  invitare,  quorum  es  in  numero  mihi. 
Eraudatus  quamvis  et  dolens  iniuria, 
^ie  male  dissiuiulans  gratiam  corrumperet, 
promisit^    Rediit  hora  dicta,  recubuit. 
Splendebat  hilare  pog^Ts^convivium,  20 

magno  adparatu  laeta  resonabat  domus : 
repente  duo  cum  iuvenes  sparsi  pulvere, 
sudore  multo  diffluentes,  corpora 


20  READINGS    FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

humanam  supra  form  am,  cuidam  servulo 
mandant,  ut  ad  se  provocet  Simonidem;       „      .       25 
illius  inter  ease,  ne  faciat  moram. 
Homo  perturbatus  excitat  Simonidem. 
/  Unum  promorat  vix  pedem  triclinio,  \ 

\ 

yruma  camarae  subito  oppressit  ceterosj 
nee  ulli  iuvenes  sunt  reperti  ad  ianuam.  30 

Ut  est  vulgatus  ordo  narratae  rei, 
omnes  scierunt  numinum  praesentiam 
vati  dedisse  vitam  mercedis  loco. 

IV.  25. 

6.   The  Delphic  Oracle. 

Utilius  nobis  quid  sit  die,  Phoebe,  obsecro, 

qui  Delphos  et  famosum  Parnasum  incolis. 

Quid  est  ?     Sacratae  vatis  horrescunt  comae, 

tripodes  moventur,  mugit  adytis  Religio, 

tremuntque  lauri  et  ipse  pallescit  dies.  5 

Voces  resolvit  icta  Pytho  numine : 

Audite,  gentes,  Delii  monitus  dei: 

Pietatem  colite  ;  vota  superis  reddite ; 

patriam,  parentes,  natos,  castas  coniuges 

defendite  armis,  ferroque  hostem  pellite;  10 

amicos  sublevate ;  miseris  parcite ; 

bonis  favete,  subdolis  ite  obviam ; 

delicta  vindicate ;  castigate  impios ; 

punite  turpi  thalamos  qui  violant  stupro; 

malos  cavete;  nulli  nimiuni  credite.  15 

Haec  elocuta  concidit  virgo  furens : 

furens  profecto,  nam  quae  djxit_perdidit. 

Appendix  6. 


PHAEDRUS.  21 

7.  The  Wit,  the  Rustic,  and  the  Pig;  or,  How  Prejudice  met  its 
Deserved  Humiliation. 

Pravo  favore  labi  mortales  solent 
et,  pro  iudicio  dum  stant  erroris  sui, 
ad  paenitenduin  rebus  manifestis  agi. 
Facturus  ludos  quidara  dives  nobilis 
proposito  cunctos  invitavit  praemio,  5 

quam  quisque  posset  ut  novitatem  ostenderet. 
Venere  artifices  laudis  ad  certamina ; 
quos  inter  scurra,  notus  urbano  sale, 
habere  dixit  se  genus  spectaculi, 
quod  in  theatro  numquam  prolatum  foret.  10 

Dispersus  rumor  civitatem  concitat. 
Paulo  ante  vacua  turbam  deficiunt  loca. 
In  scaena  vero  postquam  solus  constitit 
sine  adparatu,  millis  adiutoribus, 
silentium  ipsa  fecit  expectatio.  15 

Ille  in  sinum  repente  demisit  caput 
et  sic  porcelli  vocem  est  imitatus  sua, 
verum  ut  subesse  pallio  contenderent 
et  excuti  iuberent.     Quo  facto  simul 
nihil  est  repertum,  multis  oneraut  laudibus  20 

hoininemque  plausu  prosequuntur  maxinio. 
Hoc  vidit  fieri  rusticus.     Non  mehercule 
me  vincet,  inquit :  et  statirn  professus  est 
idem  facturum  melius  se  postridie. 
Fit  turba  maior.     lam  favor  mentes  tenet  25 

et  derisuri,  non  spectaturi,  sedent. 
Uterque  prodit.     Scurra  degrunnit  prior 
movetque  plausu s  et  clamores  suscitat. 
Tune  simulans  sese  vestimentis  rusticus 
porcellum  obtegere,  (quod  faciebat  scilicet,  30 

sed,  in  priore  quia  nil  compererant,  latens) 


22  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

pervellit  aurem  vero,  quern  celaverat, 
et  cum  dolore  vocem  naturae  exprimit. 
Adclamat  populus  scurram  multo  similius 
imitatum,  et  cogit  rusticum  trudi  foras.  35 

At  ille  profert  ipsum  porcellum  e  sinu, 
turpemque  aperto  pignore  errorem  probans  : 
En  hie  declarat,  quales  sitis  indices  ! 

V.  5. 


VI.     SENECA. 
i.  The  Rashness  of  the  First  Navigators  Rebuked. 

Audax  nimium  qui  freta  primus 

rate  tarn  fragili  perfida  rupit 

terrasque  suas  post  terga  videns 

animam  levibus  credidit  auris, 

dubioque  secans  aequora  cursu  5 

potuit  tenui  fidere  ligno, 

inter  vitae  mortisque  vias 

nimium  gracili  limite  ducto. 

Candida  nostri  saecula  patres 
videre,  procul  fraude  remota.  10 

Sua  quisque  piger  litora  tangens 
patrioque  senex  factus  in  arvo, 
parvo  dives,  nisi  quas  tulerat 
natale  soluin,  non  norat  opes  : 
nondum  quisquam  sidera  norat,  15 

stellisque  quibus  pingitur  aether 
non  erat  usus,  nondum  pluvias 
Hyadas  poterat  vitare  ratis, 
non  Oleniae  lumina  caprae, 
nee  quae  sequitur  flectitque  senex  20 

Attica  tardus  plaustra  Bootes, 


SENECA.  23 

nondum  Boreas,  nondum  Zephyrus 
nomen  habebant. 

Ausus  Tiphys  pandere  vasto 
carbasa  ponto  legesque  novas  25 

scribere  ventis. 


dissaepti  foedera  mundi 
traxit  iii  uuum  Tliessala  piuus 
iussitque  pati  verbera  pontum, 
partemque  metus  fieri  nostri  30 

mare  sepositum. 

Dedit  ilia  graves  improba  poenas 
per  tarn  lougos  ducta  timores, 
cum  duo  montes,  claustra  profundi, 
hinc  atque  illinc  subito  impulsu  35 

velut  aetherio  geinerent  sonitu, 
spargeret  arces  nubesque  ipsas 
mare  deprensum. 
Palluit  audax  Tiphys  et  omnes 
labente  manu  misit  habenas,  40 

Orpheus  tacuit  torpente  lyra 
ipsaque  vocem  perdidit  Argo. 
Quid  cum  Siculi  virgo  Pelori, 
rabidos  utero  succincta  canes, 
omnes  pariter  solvit  hiatus  ?  45 

Quis  non  totos  horruit  artus 
totiens  uno  latrante  inalo  ?    . 
Quid  cum  Ausonium  dirae  pestes 
voce  canora  mare  mulcerent, 
cum  Pieria  resonans  cithara  50 

Thracius  Qrpheus  solitam  cantu 
retinere  rates  paene  coegit 


24  READINGS  FROM  LATIN   VERSE. 

Sirena  sequi  ?     Quod  fuit  hums 

pretium  cursus  ?     Aurea  pellis 

maiusque  mari  Medea  malurn,  55 

merces  prima  digna  carina. 

Man  now  Master  of  the  Sea. 

Nunc  iam  cessit  pontus  et  omnes 
patitur  leges  :  non  Palladia 
compacta  manu  regumque  ferens 
inclita  remos  quaeritur  Argo —  60 

quaelibet  altum  cumba  pererrat ; 
terminus  omnis  motus  et  urbes 
muros  terra  posuere  nova, 
nil  qua  fuerat  sede  reliquit 
pervius  orbis :  65 

Indus  gelidum  potat  Araxen, 
Albin  Persae  Rhenumque  bibunt  — 

'  The  Prophecy  of  Nero's  Tutor-victim.' 

venient  annis  saecula  seris, 

quibus  oceanus  vincula  rerum 

laxet  et  ingens  pateat  tellus  70 

Tethysque  novos  detegat  orbes 

nee  sit  terris  ultima  Thule. 

Medea  301-320,  329-379. 

in 

2.  The  Return  of  Agamemnon. 

Agamemnon.     Tandem  revertor  sospes 
ad  patrios  laris ; 

o  cara  salve  terra.     Tibi  tot  barbarae 
dedere  gentes  spolia,  tibi  felix  diu 
potentes  Asiae  Troia  submisit  manus. 


SENECA. 


25 


lovem  precemur. 


Pariter  Herceum 


Credis  videre  te  Ilium  ? 


Et  Priamum 


Quid  ista  vates  corpus  effusa  ac  tremens 
dubia  labat  cervice  ?     Famuli,  adtollite, 
refovete  gelido  latice.     lam  recipit  diem 
marcente  visu.     Suscita  sensus  tuos : 
optatus  ille  portus  aerumnis  adest. 
Festus  dies  est. 

Cassandra.         Festus  et  Troiae  fuit. 

Agam.     Veneremur  aras. 

Cass.  Cecidit  ante  aras 

pater. 

Agam. 

Cass. 
lovem  ? 

Agam. 

Cass. 
si  mul. 

Agam. 

Cass. 

Agam. 

Cass. 

Agam. 

Cass. 

Agam. 

Cass. 
tibi. 

Agam. 

Cass. 

Agam. 
deum, 

retinete  ne  quid  impotens  peccet  furor. 
At  te,  pater,  qui  saeva  torques  fulmina 
pellisque  nubis,  sidera  et  terras  regis, 
ad  quern  triumphi  spolia  victores  ferunt, 


10 


Hie  Troia  non  est. 

Ubi  Helena  est  Troiam  puto. 
Ne  metue  dominam  famula. 

Libertas  adest.     is 
Secura  vive. 

Mihi  mori  est  securitas. 
Nullum  est  periculum  tibimet. 

At  magnum 

Victor  timere  quid  potest  ? 

Quod  non  timet. 
Hanc  fida,  famuli,  turba,  dum  excutiat 


20 


26  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

et  te  sororem  cuncta  pollentis  viri, 

Argolica  luno,  pecore  votivo  libens  25 

Arabumque  donis  supplice  et  fibra  colam. 

Agamemnon  782-807. 

VII.     LUCAK 
i.  The  Energy  of  Caesar. 

Caesar  in  omnia  praeceps, 
nil  actum  credens  cum  quid  superesset  agendum. 

Pharsalia  II.  G5G,  657. 

2.  Equal  Authorities  and  Opposite  Verdicts. 

Nec  quemquana  iam  ferre  potest  Caesarve  priorem 
Pompeiusve  parem.     Quis  iustius  induit  arma, 
scire  nefas  :  magno  se  iudice  quisque  tuetur : 

victrix  causa  deis  placuit,  sed  victa  Catoni. 

Id.  I.  125-128. 

3.  Cato  refusing  to  consult  the  Oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 

Ille  deo  plenus,  tacita  quern  mente  gerebat, 

effudit  dignas  adytis  e  pectore  voces : 

'  Quid  quaeri,  Labiene,  iubes  ?     An  liber  in  armis 

occubuisse  velim  potius,  quam  regna  videre  ? 

an  sit  vita  nihil,  et  longa  ?  an  differat  aetas  ?  £ 

an  noceat  vis  ulla  bono  ?     Fortunaque  perdat 

opposita  virtute  minas  ?  laudandaque  velle 

sit  satis,  et  numquam  successu  crescat  honestum  ? 

Scimus,  et  haec  nobis  nou  altius  inseret  Hammon. 

Haeremus  cuncti  superis,  temploque  tacente,  10 

nil  agimus  nisi  sponte  dei :  nee  vocibus  nllis 

numen  eget :  dixitque  semel  nascentibus  auctor 

quidquid  scire  licet :  steriles  nee  legit  harenas, 

ut  caneret  paucis,  rnersitque  hoc  pulvere  verum : 


LUC  AN.  27 

estque  del  sedes,  ubi  terra,  et  pontus,  et  aer,  is 

et  caelum,  et  virtus.     Superos  quid  quaerimus  ultra? 

luppiter  est  quodcumque  vides,  quodcumque  moveris. 

Sortilegis  egeant  dubii,  semperque  futuris 

casibus  ancipites  :  me  non  oracula  certum, 

sed  mors  certa  facit:  pavido  fortique  cadendum  est.  20 

Hoc  satis  est  dixisse  lovem.'     Sic  ille  profatur : 

servataque  fide  templi  discedit  ab  aris, 

non  exploratuni  populis  Hammona  relinquens. 

Id.  IX.  564-586. 

4.   Cato  in  the  Desert. 

Ipse  manu  s_ua_.pila  gerens  praecedit  ariheli 

militis  pra  pedes :  monstrat  tolerare  labores, 

non  iubet :  et  nulla  vehitur  cervice  supinus, 

carpentoque  sedens.     Somni  parcissimus  ipse  est, 

ultimus  haustor  aquae.     Cum  tandem  fonte  reperto  '  5 

indiga  conatur  laticis  potare  iuventus, 

stat  dum  lixa  bibat.  '  Si  veris  magna  paratur 

fania  bonis,  et  si  successu  nuda  rejnoto 

inspicitur  virtus,  quidquid  laudanius  in  ullo 

maiorum  Fortuna  fuit.     Quis  Marte  secundo,  10 

quis  tantum  meruit  populorum  sanguine  nomen  ? 

Hunc  ego  per  Syrtes,  Libyaeque  extrema  triumphum 

ducere  maluerim,  quam  ter  Capitolia  curru 

scandere  Pompeii,  quam  frangere  colla  lugurthae. 

Ecce  parens  verus  patriae,  dignissimus  aris,  15 

Horn  a,  tuis ! 

Id.  IX.  587-602. 

5.  The  Character  of  Cato. 

Hi  mores,  haec  duri  inmota  Catonis 

secta  fuit:  servare  modum,  finemque  tenere, 

naturamque  sequi,  patriaeque  mpendere  vitam ; 


28  READINGS   FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

nec  sibi,  sed  toti  genitum  se  credere  mundo. 
Huic  epulae,  vicisse  famem  :  magnique  penates,  5 

submovisse  hiemem  tecto :  pretiosaque  vestis, 
hirtam  membra  super  Romani  more  Quiritis 
induxisse  togam. 

Urbi  pater  est,  Urbique  maritus  : 

iustitiae  cultor,  rigid!  servator  honesti:  10 

in  commune  bonus :  nullosque  Catonis  in  actus 
subrepsit  partemque  tulit  sibi  nata  voluptas. 

Id.  II.  380-391. 

VIII.     STATIUS. 
i.  To  Sleep. 

Crimine  quo  merui,  iuvenis  placidissime  divum, 

quove  errore  miser  donis  ut  solus  egerem, 

Somne,  tuis  ?     Tacet  omne  pecus  volucresque  feraeque 

et  simulant  fessos  curvata  cacumina  somnos, 

nec  trucibus  fluviis  idem  sonus,  occidit  horror  5 

aequoris  et  terris  maria  adclinata  quiescunt. 

Septirna  iam  rediens  Phoebe  milii  respicit  aegras 

stare  genas,  totidem  Oetaeae  Paphiaeque  revisunt 

lampades  et  totiens  nostros  Tithonia  questus 

praeterit  et  gelido  spargit  miserata  flagello.  10 

Unde  ego  sufficiam  ?     Non  sunt  mihi  lumina  mille, 

quae  sacer  alterna  tantum  statione  tenebat 

Argus  et  haud  unquam  vigilabat  corpore  toto. 

At"  nunc,  heu,  si  aliquis  ultro  te,  Somne,  repellit, 

inde  veni !     Nec  te  totas  infundere  pennas  15 

luminibus  compello  meis  (hoc  turba  precetur 

laetior) ;  extreme  me  tange  cacumine  virgae, 

sufficit,  aut  leviter  suspense  poplite  transi. 

Silvae  V.  4- 


MARTIAL.  29 

IX.     MARTIAL. 

i.  Misplaced  Eloquence. 

Non  de  vi  neque  caede  nee  veneno, 

sed  lis  est  mihi  de  tribus  capellis : 

vicini  queror  has  abesse  furto. 

Hoc  iudex  sibi  postulat  probari : 

tu  Cannas  Mithridaticumque  bellum  5 

et  periuria  Punici  furoris 

et  Sullas  Mariosque  Muciosque 

magna  voce  sonas  manuque  tota. 

lam  die,  Postume,  de  tribus  capellis. 

VI.  19. 

2.  A  Wise  Precaution. 

Cur  non  initto  meos  tibi,  Pontiliane,  libellos  ? 
Ne  mihi  tu  mittas,  Pontiliane,  tuos. 


3.  An  Improbable  Situation. 

Saepe  rogare  soles,  qualis  sim,  Prisce,  futurus, 
si  fiam  locuples  simque  repente  potens. 

Quemquam  posse  putas  mores  narrare  futuros  ? 
Die  mihi,  si  fias  tu  leo,  qualis  eris  ? 


XII.  92. 


4.  The  Country  Resident  seeking  City  Markets. 

Capena  grandi  porta  qua  pluit  gutta 
Phrygiumque  Matris  Almo  qua  lavat  ferrum, 
Horatiorum  qua  viret  sacer  campus 
et  qua  pusilli  fervet  Herculis  fanum, 
Faustine,  plena  Bassus  ibat  in  raeda, 
omnes  beati  copias  trahens  ruris. 
Illic  videres  frutice  nobili  caules 
et  utrumque  porruin  sessilesque  lactucas 


30  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

pigroque  ventri  non  inutiles  betas. 

Illic  coronam  pinguibus  gravem  turdis  10 

leporemque  laesum  Gallic!  canis  dente 

nondumque  victa  lacteum  faba  porcum. 

Nee  feriatus  ibat  ante  carrucam, 

sed  tuta  faeno  cursor  ova  portabat. 

Urbem  petebat  Bassus  ?     Immo  rus  ibat.  15 

III.  47. 
5.  The  Miniature  Farm. 

Donasti,  Lupe,  rus  sub  urbe  nobis ; 

sed  rus  est  mihi  maius  in  fenestra. 

Rus  hoc  dicere,  rus  potes  vocare? 

in  quo  ruta  facit  nemus  Dianae, 

argutae  tegit  ala  quod  cicadae,  5 

quod  formica  die  comedit  uno, 

clusae  cui  folium  rosae  corona  est ; 

in  quo  nee  cucumis  iacere  rectus, 

nee  serpens  habitare  tota  possit, 

erucam  male  pascit  hortus  unam,  10 

consumpto  moritur  culex  salicto, 

et  talpa  est  mihi  fossor  atque  arator. 

Non  boletus  hiare,  non  mariscae 

ridere  aut  violae  patere  possunt. 

Fines  mus  populatur  et  colono  15 

tamquam  sus  Calydonius  timetur, 

Et  sublata  volantis  ungue  Prognes 

in  nido  seges  est  hirundinino. 

Vix  implet  cochleam  peracta  messis 

et  mustuin  nuce  condimus  picata.  20 

Errasti,  Lupe,  littera  sed  una. 

Nam  quo  tempore  praedium  dedisti, 

mallem  tu  mihi  prandium  dedisses. 

XL  18.  1-7,  10-20,  23-27. 


MARTIAL.  31 

6.   'Carpe  Diem.' 

Cras  te  victurum,  eras  dicis,  Postume,  semper. 

Die  mihi,  eras  istud,  Postume,  quando  venit  ? 
Quam  longe  eras  istud,  ubi  est  ?     Aut  unde  petendum  ? 

Niunquid  apud  Parthos  Armeniosque  latet  ? 
lam  eras  istud  habet  Priami  vel  Nestoris  aunos.  5 

Cras  istud  quanti,  die  mihi,  possit  emi  ? 
Cras  vives  ?     Hodie  iam  vivere,  Postume,  serum  est : 

ille  sapit,  quisquis,  Postume,  vixit  heri. 

V.  58. 

7.  Secrets  of  Happiness. 

Vitam  quae  faciaut  beatiorem, 

iucundissime  Martialis,  haec  sunt : 

res  non  parta  labore,  sed  relicta; 

non  ingratus  ager,  focus  perennis ; 

lis  numquam,  toga  rara,  mens  quieta;  5 

vires  ingenuae,  salubre  corpus ; 

prudens  simplicitas,  pares  amici ; 

convictus  facilis,  sine  arte  mensa ; 

nox  non  ebria,  sed  soluta  curis; 

non  tristis  torus,  et  tamen  pudicus ;  10 

somnus,  qui  faciat  breves  tenebras ; 

quod  sis,  esse  velis  nihilque  malis ; 

summum  nee  metuas  diem,  nee  optes. 

X.  47. 
8.  After  the  Great  Eruption. 

Hie  est  pampineis  viridis  modo  Vesbius  umbris, 
presserat  hie  madidos  nobilis  uva  lacus. 

Haec  iuga  quam  Nysae  colles  plus  Bacchus  amavit, 
hoc  nuper  Satyri  monte  dedere  choros. 

Haec  Veneris  sedes,  Lacedaemone  gratior  illi,  5 

hie  locus  Herculeo  numine  clarus  erat. 


32  READINGS    FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

Cuncta  iacent  flammis  et  tristi  mersa  favilla : 
nee  super!  velleut  hoc  licuisse  sibi. 

IV.  44- 

9.  Porcia. 

Coniugis  audisset  fatum  cum  Porcia  Bruti 
et  subtracta^sibi  quaereret  arma  dolor, 

( Nondum  scitis '  ait  '  mortem  non  posse  negari  ? 
Crediderain,  fatis  hoc  docuisse  patrem.' 

Dixit  et  ardentes  avido  bibit  ore  favillas : 

i  nunc  et  ferruin,  turba  molesta,  nega. 

/.  42. 

10.   '  Paete,  non  dolet.' 

Casta  suo  gladium  cum  traderet  Arria  Paeto, 

quern  de  visceribus  strinxerat  ipsa  suis, 
'  siqua  fides,  vulnus  quod  feci  non  dolet,'  inquit ; 
'sed  quod  tu  facies,  hoc  mihi,  Paete,  dolet.' 

/.  is. 
ii.  Paris'  Epitaph. 

Quisquis  Flaminiam  teris,  viator, 
noli  nobile  praeterire  marmor. 
Urbis  deliciae  salesque  Nil!, 
ars  et  gratia,  lusus  et  voluptas, 
Roman!  decus  et  dolor  theatri 
atque  onines  Veneres  Cupidinesque 

hoc  sunt  condita,  quo  Paris,  sepulcro. 

XI.  IS. 

12.  Genuine  and  Counterfeit  Grief. 

Puella  senibus  dulcior  mihi  cygnis, 
agna  Galaesi  mollior  Phalantini, 
concha  Lucrini  delicatior  stagui, 
cui  nee  lapillos  praeferas  Erythraeos, 
nee  modo  politum  pecudis  Indicae  dentem, 


MARTIAL.  33 

nivesque  primas  liliumque  non  tactum ; 

quae  crine  vicit  Baetici  gregis  vellus 

Rhenique  nodos  aureamque  nitellam; 

fragravit  ore,  quod  rosarium  Paesti, 

quod  Atticarum  prima  mella  cerarum,  10 

quod  sucinorum  rapta  de  manu  gleba; 

cui  comparatus  indecens  erat  pavo, 

inamabilis  sciurus  et  frequens  phoenix : 

ad  hue  receuti  tepet  Erotion  busto, 

quam  pessimorum  lex  amara  fatorum  15 

sexta  peregit  hierae,  nee  tarn  en  lota, 

nostros  amores  gaudiumque  lususque. 

Et  esse  tristem  me  meus  vetat  Paetus, 

pectusque  pulsans  pariter  et  comam  vellens : 

'  Deflere  non  te  vernulae  pudet  mortem?  20 

Ego  coniugem '  inquit  '  extuli,  et  tamen  vivo, 

notam,  superbam,  nobilem,  locupletem.' 

Quid  esse  nostro  fortius  potest  Paeto? 

Ducenties  accepit,  et  tamen  vivit. 

V.  37. 

13.  Epitaph  on  Little  Erotion. 

Hanc  tibi,  Fronto  pater,  genetrix  Flacilla,  puellarn 

o'scula  commendo  deliciasqfie  meas, 
parvula  ne  nigras  horrescat  Erotion  u-mbras 

oraque  Tartarei  prodigiosa  canis. 
Impletura  fuit  sextae  modo  frigora  brumae,  5 

vixisset  totidem  ni  minus  ilia  dies. 
Inter  tain  veteres  ludat  lasciva  patronos 

et  nomen  blaeso  garriat  ore  meum. 
Mollia  non  rigidus  caespes  tegat  ossa,  nee  illi, 

terra,  gravis  fueris :  non  fuit  ilia  tibi.  10 

V.  34. 


34  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 


X.     JUVENAL. 

i.  The  Life  of  the  Poor  at  Rome  ;   its  Dangers  and  Discomforts. 

1-33.  Houses  are  all  the  while  collapsing  or  burning.  No 
one  assists  the  poor  man,  while  the  millionaire  has  his  mis- 
fortune more  than  made  good  by  aspirants  to  legacies. 

34-42.  TJie  rent  you  pay  for  a  dark  garret  would  buy  a  com- 
fortable dwelling  elsewhere. 

43-49.  There  is  so  much  noise  at  night  that  the  poor  man 
cannot  sleep, 

50-78.    Wliile  he  finds  the  streets  dangerous  both  by  day 

79-88.   And  by  night. 

Quis  timet  ant  timuit  gelida  Praeneste  ruinam, 

aut  positis  nemorosa  inter  iuga  Volsiniis,  aut 

simplicibus  Gabiis,  aut  proni  Tiburis  arce  ? 

Nos  urbem  colimus  tenui  tibicine  fultarn 

magna  parte  sui  ;  nam  sic  labentibus  obstat  5 

vilicus  et  veteris  rimae  cum  texit  hiatum 

secures  pendente  iubet  dormire  ruina. 

Vivendum  est  illic  ubi  nulla  incendia,  nulli 

nocte  metus.     lam  poscit  aquain,  iam  frivola  transfert 

Ucalegon,  tabulata  tibi  iam  tertia  fumant  :  10 

tu  nescis  ;  nam  si  gradibus  trepidatur  ab  imis, 

ultiruus  ar  debit  quern  tegula  sola  tnetur 

a'pluvia,  molles  ubi  reddunt  ova  columbae. 

Lectus  erat  Codro  Procula  minor,  urceoli  sex, 

ornamentum  abaci,  nee  non  et  parvulus  infra  15 

cantharus,  et  recubans  sub  eodem  inarm  ore  Chiron. 

lamque  vetus  Graecos  servabat  cista  libellos, 

et  divina  i^ci  rodebant  carmina  mures. 


Nil  habuit  Codrus  :  quis  euim  negat  ?  Et  tamen  illud 


JUVENAL.  35 

perdidit  infelix  totum  nihil :  ultimns  autem  20 

aerumnae  est  cumulus,  quod  nudum  et  frusta  rogantem 

neino  cibo,  nemo  hospitio  tectoque  iuvabit. 

Si  magna  Asturici  cecidit  domus,  horrida  mater, 

pullati  proceres,  differt  vadimonia  praetor ; 

turn  gemimus  casus  urbis,  tune  odimus  ignem.  25 

Ardet  adhuc,  et  lain  accurrit  qui  marmora  donet, 

conferat  inpensas  :  hie  nuda  et  Candida  signa, 

hie  aliquid  praeclarum  Euphranoris  et  Polycliti, 

haec  Asianorum  vetera  ornamenta  deorum, 

hie  libros  dabit  et  forulos  mediainque  Minervam,  30 

hie  medium  argenti ;  meliora  ac  plura  reponit 

Persicus  orborum  lautissimus  et  merito  iam 

suspectus,  tamquam  ipse  suas  incenderit  aedes. 

Si  potes  avelli  circensibus,  optima  Sorae 

aut  Fabrateriae  domus  aut  Frusinone  paratur,  35 

quanti  nunc  tenebras  unum  conducis  in  annum. 

Hortulus  hie  puteusque  brevis  nee  reste  inovendus 

in  tenuis  plantas  facili  diffunditur  haustu. 

Vive  bideiitis  amans  et  culti  vilicus  horti, 

unde  epulum  possis  centum  dare  Pythagoreis.  >    40 

Est  aliquid,  quocumque  loco,  quocumque  recessu 

unius  sese  dominum  fecisse  lacertae. 

Plurimus  hie  aeger  moritur  vigilando ;  sed  ipsum 

languorem  peperit  cibus  inperfectus  et  haerens 

ardenti  stomacho ;  nam  quae  meritoria  somnuin  45 

admittunt?     Magnis  opibus  dormitur  in  urbe. 

Inde  caput  morbi.     Eaedarum  transitus  arto 

vicorum  inflexu  et  stantis  convieia  mandrae 

eripient  somnum  Druso  vitulisque  marinis. 

Si  vocat  officium,  txirba  cedente  vehetur  50 

dives  et  ingenti  curret  super  ora  Liburna 

atque  obiter  leget  aut  scribet  vel  dorruiet  intus ; 


36  HEADINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

namque  facit  somnum  clausa  lectica  fenestra. 

Ante  tamen  veniet :  nobis  properantibus  obstat 

unda  prior,  magno  populns  premit  agmine  lumbos  55 

qui  sequitur ;  f erit  hie  cubito,  f erit  assere  duro 

alter,  at  hie  tignum  capiti  incutit,  ille  metretam. 

Pinguia  crura  Into,  planta  mox  undique  magna 

calcor,  et  in  digito  clavus  mihi  militis  haeret. 

Nonne  vides  quanto  celebretur  sportula  fumo  ?  60 

Centum  convivae,  sequitur  sua  quemque  culina. 

Corbulo  vix  ferret  tot  vasa  ingentia,  tot  res 

impositas  capiti,  quas  recto  vertice  portat 

servulus  infelix  et  cursu  ventilat  ignem. 

Scinduntur  tunicae  sartae  modo ;  longa  coruscat  65 

serraco  veniente  abies,  atque  altera  pinum 

plaustra  vehunt,  nutant  alte  populoque  minantur. 

Nam  si  procubuit  qui  saxa  Ligustica  portat 

axis  et  eversum  fudit  super  agmina  montem, 

quid  superest  de  corporibus  ?  Quis  membra,  quis  ossa         70 

invenit?     Obtritum  vulgi  perit/omne  cadaver 

more  animae;  domus  interea  secura  patellas 

iam  lavat  et  bucca  foculum  excitat  et  sonat  unctis 

striglibus  et  pleno  componit  lintea  gutto. 

Haec  inter  pueros  varie  properantur :  at  ille  75 

iam  sedet  in  ripa  taetrumque  novicius  horret 

porthmea,  nee  sperat  caenosi  gurgitis  alnum 

infelix  nee  habet  quern  porrigat  ore  trientem. 

Eespice  nunc  alia  ac  diversa  pericula  noctis : 

quod  spatium  tectis  sublimibus  unde  cerebrum  80 

testa  ferit,  quotiens  rimosa  et  curta  fenestris 

vasa  cadant,  quanto  percussum  pondere  siguent 

et  laedant  silicem.     Possis  ignavus  haberi 

et  subiti  casus  inprovidus,  ad  cenam  si 

iiitestatus  eas :  adeo  tot  fata,  quot  ilia  85 


JUVENAL.  37 

nocte  patent  vigiles  te  praetereunte  fenestrae. 
Ergo  optes  votumque  feras  miserabile  tecum, 
ut  sint  contentae  patulas  defundere  pelves. 

Ill  190-277. 

2.   'Mens  Sana  in  Corpore  Sano.' 

1  Nil  ergo  optabunt  homines  ? '     Si  consilium  vis, 

permittes  ipsis  expendere  uuminibus  quid 

conveniat  nobis  rebusque  sit  utile  nostris. 

Nam  pro  iucundis  aptissima  quaeque  dabunt  di; 

carior  est  illis  homo  quarn  sibi.     Nos  animorum  5 

impulsu  et  caeca  magnaque  cupidine  ducti 

coniugium  petimus  partumque  uxoris ;  at  illis 

notum  qui  pueri  qualisque  futura  sit  uxor. 

Ut  tamen  et  poscas  aliquid  voveasque  sacellis 

exta  et  candiduli  divina  tomacula  porci,  10 

orandum  est  ut  sit  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano., 

Fortem  posce  animum  mortis  terrore  carentem, 

qui  spatium  vitae  extremum  inter  munera  ponat 

naturae,  qui  ferre  queat  quoscumque  labores, 

nesciat  irasci,  cupiat  nihil,  et  potiores  15 

Herculis  aerumnas  credat  saevosque  labores 

et  venere  et  cenis  et  pluma  Sardanapali. 

Monstro  quod  ipse  tibi  possis  dare :  semita  certe 

tranquillae  per  virtutem  patet  unica  vitae. 

Nullum  numen  abest  si  sit  prudentia ;  nos  te,  20 

nos  facimus,  Fortuna,  deam  caeloque  locamus. 

X.  346-366. 

3.  Sympathy  the  Basis  of  Civilization. 

Mollissima  corda 

humano  generi  dare  se  natura  fatetur, 
quae  lacrimas  dedit :  haec  nostri  pars  optima  sensus. 


49265 


38  HEADINGS  FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

Plorare  ergo  iubet  causam  dicentis  amiei 

squaloremque  rei,  pupillum  ad  iura  vocantem  5 

circumscriptorem,  cuius  manantia  fleta 

ora  puellares  faciunt  incerta  capilli. 

Naturae  imperio  gemimus,  cum  funus  adultae 

virginis  occurrit,  vel  terra  clauditur  infans, 

et  minor  igne  rogi.     Quis  enim  bonus  et  face  dignus  10 

arcana,  qualera  Cereris.  vult  esse  sacerdos, 

ulla  aliena  sibi  credat  mala  ?     Separat  hoc  nos 

a  grege  rnutorum,  atque  ideo  venerabile  soli 

sortiti  ingenium  divinorumque  capaces 

atque  exercendis  capiendisque  artibus  apti  15 

sensum  a  caelesti  demissum  traximus  arce, 

cuius  egent  prona  et  terrain  spectantia.     Mundi 

principio  indulsit  communis  conditor  illis 

tantum  animas,  nobis  animum  quoque,  mutuus  ut  nos 

adfectus  petere  auxilium  et  praestare  iuberet,  -  20 

disperses  trahere  in  populum,  migrare  vetusto 

de  nemore  et  proavis  habitatas  linquere  silvas, 

aedificare  domos,  Laribus  coniungere  nostris 

tectum  aliud,  tutos  vicino  limine  somnos 

ut  collata  daret  fiducia,  protegere  armis  25 

lapsum,  aut  ingenti  nutantem  vulnere  civem, 

communi  dare  signa  tuba,  defendier  isdem 

turribus,  atque  una  portarum  clave  teneri. 

XV.  131-158. 

4.   Two  Famous  Proverbs. 

Di,  maiorum  umbris  tenuein  et  sine  pondere  terram 
spirantisque  crocos  et  in  urna.  perpetuum  ver, 
qui  praeceptorem  sancti  voluere  parentis 

esse  loco. 

VII.  207-210. 


HADRIAN.  39 

Nil  dictu  foedum  visuque  haec  limina  tangat 

intra  quae  pater  est;  procul,  a  proqul  inde  puellae 

lenonum  et  cantus  pernoctantis  parasiti. 

Maxima  debetur  pue.ro  reverentia  ;  siquid 

turpe  paras,  nee  tu  pueri  contempseris  annos,  5 

sed  peccaturo  obstet  tibi  filius  infans. 

XIV.  44-49. 

XL     HADRIAN. 

i.  The  Dying  Hadrian  to  his  Soul. 

Animula,  vagula,  blandula, 
hospes  comesque  corporis, 
quae  nunc  abibis  in  loca, 
pallidula,  rigida,  nudula, 
nee,  ut  soles,  dabis  iocos  ?  5 

From  Spartianus,  Vita  Hadriani  25. 


XII.     ANONYMOUS. 

i.  Sayings  of  the  Seven  Wise  Men. 

Optimus  est,  Cleobulus  ait,  modrts,  incola  Lindi ; 
ex  Ephyra,  Periandre,  doces  cuncta  emeditanda; 
tempus  nosce  inquit  Mitylenis  Pittacus  ortus  ; 
plures  esse  malos  Bias  autumat  ille  Prieneus ; 
Milesiusque  Thales  sponsori  damna  minatur  ; 
nosce  inquit  tete  Chilou  Lacedaemone  cretus ; 
Cecropiusque  Solon  ne  quid  nimis  induperabit. 

From  Hyginus,  Fabularum  Liber  221. 


40  HEADINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

SACKED   LATIN  POETRY. 

FOR   CHRISTMAS  DAY. 

Puer  natus  in  Bethlehem, 
Unde  gaudet  Jerusalem. 

Hie  iacet  in  praesepio 
Qui  regnat  sine  termino. 

Cognovit  bos  et  asinus  5 

Quod  puer  erat  Dominus. 

Reges  de  Saba  veniunt, 
Aurum,  tus,  myrrham  offerunt. 

Intrantes  domum  invicem 

Novum  salutant  Principem.  10 

Sine  serpentis  vulnere 
De  nostro  venit  sanguine  ; 

In  carne  nobis  similis, 
Peccato  sed  dissimilis  ; 

Ut  redderet  nos  homines  15 

Deo  et  sibi  similes. 


In  hoc  natali  gaudio 
Benedicarnus  Domino. 

Laudetur  sancta  Trinitas, 
Deo  dicamus  gratias.  20 

Anonymous. 


ANONYMOUS.  41 

FOR  EASTER  DAY. 

1.  Victimae  paschali  laudes  immolent  Christian!. 

2.  Agnus  redeinit  oves,  Christus  innocens  patri  reconciliavit 

peccatores. 

3.  Mors   et   vita    duello   conflixere   mirando:    dux   vitae 

mortuus  regnat  vivus. 

4.  Die  nobis  Maria :  quid  vidisti  in  via  ? 

5.  Sepulcrum  Christi  viventis  et  gloriam  vidi  resurgentis. 

6.  Die  nobis  Maria :  quid  vidisti  in  via  ? 

7.  Angelicos  testes,  sudarium  et  vestes. 

8.  Die  nobis  Maria:  quid  vidisti  in  via? 

9.  Surrexit  Christus,  spes  mea,  praecedet  vos  in  Galilaea. 

10.  Credeudum  est  magis  soli  Mariae  veraci  quarn  ludaeo- 

rum  turbae  fallaci. 

11.  Scimus  Christum  surrexisse  ex  mortuis  vere :  tu  nobis 

victor  rex  miserere. 

Anonymous. 

PLAUDITE  CAELI. 

Plaudite  caeli, 

Rideat  aether, 

Summus  et  imus 

Gaudeat  orbis ! 

Transiit  atrae  5 

Turba  procellae : 

Subiit  almae 

Gloria  palmae ! 

Surgite  verni, 

Surgite  flores,  10 


42  READINGS  FROM  LATIN   VERSE. 

Germina  pictis 

Surgite  cam  pis, 

Teneris  mixtae 

Violis  rosae, 

Candida  sparsis  15 

Lilia  calthis! 

Currite  plenis, 

Carmina,  venis ! 

Fundite  laetum, 

Barbytha,  metrum:  20 

Namque  revixit, 

Sicuti  dixit, 

Pius  illaesus 

Funere  lesus! 

Plaudite  inontes,  25 

Ludite  fontes; 

Resonent  valles, 

Repetunt  colles : 

<Io  revixit, 

Sicuti  dixit,  30 

Pius  illaesus 

Funere  lesus.' 

Anonymous. 

POXE  LUCTUM,  MAGDALENA. 

Pone  luctujn,  Magdalena ! 

Et  se'rena  lacrimas : 
1ST  on  est  ^am  Simpnis  cena, 

Non, \cur  fletum  exprimas: 
Causae  mille  sunt  laetandi,  5 

Causae  mille  exultandi : 

Halleluia ! 


ANONYMOUS.  43 

Sunie  risum,  Magdalena! 

Frons  nitescat  lucida ; 
Demigravit  omnis  poena,  10 

Lux  coruscat  fulgida: 
Christus  mundum  liberavit, 
Et  de  morte  triumphavit ! 
Halleluia ! 

Gaude,  plaude,  Magdalena!  15 

Tumba  Christus  exiit ! 
Tristis  est  peracta  scena, 

Victor  mortis  rediit; 
Quern  deflebas  morientem, 
Nunc  arride  resurgentem  !  20 

Halleluia! 

Tolle  vultum,  Magdalena! 

Redivivum  aspice : 
Vide,  frons  quam  sit  amoena, 

Quinque  plagas  inspice :  25 

Fulgent,  sic  ut  margaritae, 
Ornamenta  novae  vitae. 

Halleluia! 

Vive,  vive,  Magdalena ! 

Tua  lux  reversa  est,  30 

Gaudiis  turgescat  vena, 

Mortis  vis  abstersa  est ; 
Maesti  procul  sunt  dolores, 
Laeti  redeant  amores ! 

Halleluia !  35 

Anonymous. 


44  READINGS  FROM   LATIN  VERSE. 

SALVE,  CAPUT  CRTJENTATUM. 

Salve,  caput  cruentatum, 
Totum  spinis  coronatum, 
Conquassatum,  vulneratum, 
Arundine  sic  verberatum, 

Facie  sputis  illita.  5 

Salve,  cuius  dulcis  vultus, 
Immutatus  et  incultus, 
Immutavit  suum  florem, 
Totus  versus  in  pallorem, 

Quern  caeli  tremit  curia.  10 

Omnis  vigor  atque  viror 
Hinc  recessit,  non  admiror, 
Mors  apparet  in  aspectu, 
Totus  pendens  in  defectu, 

Attritus  aegra  macie.  15 

Sic  affectus,  sic  despectus, 
Propter  me  sic  interfectus, 
Peccatori  tarn  indigno 
Cum  amoris  intersigno 

Appare  clara  facie.  20 

In  hac  tua  passione 
Me  agnosce,  pastor  bone, 
Cuius  sumpsi  mel  ex  ore, 
.  Haustum  lactis  ex  dulcore 

Prae  omnibus  deliciis.  25 

Non  me  reum  asperneris, 
Non  indignum  dedigneris, 
Morte  tibi  iam  vicina 
Tuum  caput  hie  acclina, 

In  meis  pausa  brachiis.  30 


BERNARD  OF  CLAIRVAUX.  45 

Tuae  sanctae  passion! 
Me  gauderem  interponi,    • 
In  hac  cruce  tecum  mori 
Praesta  crucis  amatori, 

Sub  cruce  tua  moriar.  35 

Morti  tuae  tarn  amara.e 
Grates  ago,  lesu  care, 
Qui  es  clemens,  pie  Deus, 
Fac  quod  petit  tuus  reus, 

Ut  absque  te  non  finiar.  40 

Dum  me  mori  est  necesse, 
Noli  mihi  tune  deesse ; 
In  tremenda  mortis  hora 
Veni,  lesu,  absque  mora, 

Tuere  me  et  libera.  45 

Cum  me  iubes  emigrate, 
lesu  care,  tune  appare ; 
O  aniator  amplectende, 
Tegaetipsum  tune  ostende 

In  cruce  salutifera.  50 

Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

«  JESUS,  THE  VERY  THOUGHT  OF  THEE.' 

lesu,  dulcis  memoria, 
Dans  vera  cordis  gaudia, 
Sed  super  mel  et  omnia 
Eius  dulcis  praesentia. 

Nil  canitur  suavius  5 

Auditur  nil  iucundius, 
Nil  cogitatur  dulcius, 
Quam  lesus,  Dei  Filius. 


46  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

lesu,  spes  poenitentibus, 

Quam  plus  es  petentibus,  10 

Quam  bonus  te  quaerentibus, 

Sed  quid  invenientibus? 

lesu,  dulcedo  cordium, 

Fons  vivus,  lumen  mentium, 

Excedens  omne  gaudiura,  15 

Et  omne  desiderium. 

Nee  lingua  valet  dicere, 

Nee  littera  exprimere, 

Expertus  potest  credere 

Quid  sit  lesum  deligere.  20 

lesu,  decus  angelicum, 
In  aure  dulce  canticum, 
In  ore  mel  mirificum, 
In  corde  nectar  caelicum : 

Desidero  te  millies.  25 

Mi  lesu,  quando  venies  ? 
Me  laetum  quando  facies 
Ut  vultu  tuo  saties  ? 

Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

1  COME,  HOLY  SPIRIT,  FROM  ABOVE.' 

Veni,  Sancte  Spiritus, 
Et  emitte  caelitus 
Lucis  tuae  radium. 

Veni,  pater  pauperum, 

Veni,  dator  munerum,  5 

Veni,  lumen  cordium. 


ROBERT   II,    KING  OF  FRANCE.  47 

Consolator  optime, 
Dulcis  hospes  animae, 
Dulce  refrigerium : 

In  labore  requies,  10 

In  aestu  teniperies, 
In  fletu  solatium. 

0  lux  beatissima, 

Reple  cordis  intima 

Tuorum  fidelium!  15 

Sine  tuo  numine 
Nihil  est  in  homine, 
Nihil  est  innoxium. 

Lava  quod  est  sordidum, 

Riga  quod  est  aridum,  20 

Sana  quod  est  sauciuin : 

Flecte  quod  est  rigidum, 
Fove  quod  est  languidum, 
Rege  quod  est  devium. 

Da  tuis  fidelibus  25 

In  te  confidentibus 
Sacrum  septenarium ; 

Da  virtutis  meritum, 
Da  salutis  exituiu, 

Da  perenne  gaudium.  30 

Robert  II,  King  of  France. 


48  READINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

PHOENIX  INTER  FLAMMAS  EXPIRANS. 

Tandem  audite  me, 

Sionis  filiae  ! 

Aegram  respicite, 

Dilecto  dicite : 

Amore  vulneror,  5 

Amore  funeror. 

Hue  oderiferos, 

Hue  soporiferos 

Ramos  depromite, 

"Rogos  componite;  10 

Ut  phoenix  moriar ! 

In  flam  mis  oriar ! 

An  amor  dolor  sit, 

An  dolor  amor  sit, 

Utrurnque  nescio !  15 

Hoc  unum  sentio : 

lucundus  dolor  est, 

Si  dolor  amor  est. 

Quid,  amor,  crucias? 

Aufer  inducias !  20 

Suavis  tyrannus  es  : 

Momentum,  annus  es : 

Tarn  tarda  funera 

Tua  sunt  vulnera ! 

lam  vitae  stamina  25 

Rumpe,  0  anima ! 
Ignis  ascendere 
Gestit,  et  tendere 
Ad  caeli  atria ; 

Haec  mea  patria !  30 

Anonymous. 


THOMAS  OF  CELANO.  49 

DIES  IRAE. 

Dies  irae,  dies  ilia 

Sol  vet  saeclum  in  favilla,  . 

Teste  David  cum  Sybilla. 

Quantus  tremor  est  futurus, 

Quando  iudex  est  venturus,  5 

Cuncta  stricte  discussurus  ! 

Tuba,  mirum  spargens  sonum 
Per  sepulcra  regionum, 
Coget  omnes  ante  thronum. 

Mors  stupebit,  et  natura,  10 

Cum  resurget  creatura 
ludicanti  responsura. 

Liber  scriptus  prof  ere  tur, 
In  quo  totum  continetur, 
Unde  mundus  iudicetur.  15 

Index  ergo  cum  sedebit, 
Quidquid  latet  apparebit, 
Nil  inultum  remanebit. 

Quid  sum  miser  tune  dicturus, 

Queni  patronum  rogaturus,  20 

Cum  vix  iustus  sit  securus  ? 

Hex  tremendae  maiestatis, 
Qui  salvandos  salvas  gratis, 
Salva  me,  fons  pietatis  ! 

Kecordare,  lesu  pie,  25 

Quod  sum  causa  tuae  viae ; 
Ne  me  perdas  ilia  die  ! 


50  HEADINGS   FROM   LATIN   VERSE. 

Quaerens  me  sedisti  lassus, 
Redemisti  crucem  passus  : 

Tantus  labor  BOB  sit  cassus !  30 

• 

luste  iudex  ultionis, 
Donum  fac  remissionis 
Ante  diem  rationis  ! 

Ingemisco  tanquam  reus, 

Culpa  rubet  vultus  rneus :  35 

Supplicant!  parce,  Deus ! 

Qui  Mariam  absolvisti, 
Et  latronem  ex-audisti, 
Mihi  quoque  spein  dedisti. 

Preces  meae  non  sunt  dignae,  40 

Sed  tu  bonus  fac  benigne 
N"e  perenni  cremer  igni. 

Inter  oves  locum  praesta, 

Et  ab  haedis  me  sequestra, 

Statuens  in  parte  dextra.  45 

Confutatis  maledictis, 
Flamniis  acribus  addictis, 
Voca  me  cum  benedictis  ! 

Oro  supplex  et  acclinis, 

Cor  contritum  quasi  cinis,  50 

Gere  curain  mei  finis ! 


Lacrirnosa  dies  ilia 

Qua  resurget  ex  favilla 

ludicandus  homo  reus  : 

Huic  ergo  parce,  Deus  !  55 


BERNAKD   OF   CLUNY.  51 

Pie  lesu  domine, 

Dona  eos  requie  !     Amen ! 

Thomas  of  Celano. 

DE  PATRIAE  CAELESTIS  LAUDE. 

'The  World  is  very  Evil.' 

Hora  novissima,  tempora  pessima  sunt ;  vigilemus. 

Ecce  minaciter  imminet  arbiter  ille  supremus. 

Imminet,  imminet  et  mala  terminet,  aequa  coronet, 

Recta  remuneret,  anxia  liberet,  aethera  donet, 

Auferat  aspera  duraque  pondera  mentis  onustae,  5 

Sobria  muniat,  improba  puniat,  ntraque  iuste. 

Ille  piissimus,  ille  gravissimus,  ecce !  venit  rex  ! 

Surgat  homo  reus  !     Instat  homo  deus,  a  patre  iudex. 

'Brief  Life  is  here  our  Portion.' 

Hie  breve  vivitur,  hie  breve  plangitur,  hie  breve  fletur; 

Non  breve  vivere,  non  breve  plangere  retribuetur ;  10 

0  retributio !  stat  brevis  actio,  vita  perennis ; 

O  retributio !  caelica  mansio  stat  lue  plenis ; 

Quid  datur  et  quibus  ?  aether  egentibus  et  cruce  dignis, 

Sidera  vermibus,  optima  sontibus,  astra  malignis. 

Sunt  modo  praelia,  postmodo  praemia;  qualia?  plena;       15 

Plena  refectio,  uullaque  passio,  nullaque  poena. 

Spe  modo  vivitur,  et  Sion  angitur  a  Babylone ; 

Nunc  tribulatio;  tune  recreatio,  sceptra,  coronae; 

'For  thee,  0  Dear,  Dear  Country  ! ' 

0  bona  patria,  lumina  sobria  te  speculantur, 

Ad  tua  nomina  sobria  lumina  collacrimantur :  20 


52  READINGS   FROM  LATIN   VERSE. 

Est  tua  inentio  pectoris  unctio,  cura  doloris, 

Concipientibus  aethera  mentibus  ignis  amoris. 

Est  ibi  consita  laurus  et  insita  cedrus  hysopo; 

Sunt  radiantia  iaspide  raoenia  clara  pyropo ; 

Hinc  tibi  sardius,  inde  topazius,  hinc  amethystus ;  25 

Est  tua  fabrica  contio  caelica,  gemmaque  Christus. 

Lux  tua  moi's  crucis,  atque  caro  ducis  est  crucifix!. 

Laus,  benedictio,  coniubilatio  personat  ipsi. 

Tu  sine  litore,  tu  sine  tempore,  fons,  modo  rivus, 

Dulce  bonis  sapis,  estque  tibi  lapis  undique  vivus.  30 

•Est  tibi  laurea,  dos  datur  aurea,  Sponsa  decora, 

Primaque  Principis  oscula  suscipis,  inspicis  ora. 

'  Jerusalem  the  Golden ! ' 

Urbs  Sion  aurea,  patria  Ijtctea,  cive  decora, 

Omne  cor  obruis,  omnibus  obstruis  et  cor  et  ora. 

Nescio,  nescio,  quae  iubilatio,  lux  tibi  qualis,  35 

Quam  socialia  gaudia,  gloria  quam  specialis. 

Sunt  Sion  atria  coniubilantia,  mar  tyre  plena, 

Cive  micantia,  Principe  stantia,  luce  serena. 

Urbs  Sion  incluta,  turris  et  edita  litore  tuto, 

Te  peto,  te  colo,  te  flagro,  te  volo,  canto,  saluto.  40 

Me  Pater  optimus  atque  piissimus  ille  creavit; 
In  lue  pertulit,  ex  lue  sustulit,  a  lue  lavit. 
Diluit  omnia  caelica  gratia,  fons  David  undans 
Oinnia  diluit,  omnibus  affluit,  omnia  mundans. 

0  inea,  spes  mea,  tu  Sion  aurea,  clarior  auro,  45 

Agmine  splendida,  stans  duce,  florida  perpete  lauro. 
0  bona  patria,  num  tua  gaudia  teque  videbo? 
O  bona  patria,  num  tua  praemia  plena  tenebo? 
Plaude,  cinis  meus,  est  tua  pars  Deus ;  eius  es,  et  sis. 
Plaude,  cinis  meus,  est  tua  pars  Deus ;  eius  es,  et  sis.         50 

Bernard  of  Cluny. 


HILDEBERT.  53 


THE  HEAVENLY  CITY. 

Me  receptet  Sion  ilia, 

Sion,  David  urbs  tranquilla, 

Cuius  faber  Auctor  lucis, 

Cuius  portae  lignum  crucis, 

Cuius  muri  lapis  vivus,  5 

Cuius  custos  Rex  festivus. 

In  hac  urbe  lux  solennis, 

Ver  aeternum,  pax  perennis : 

In  hac  odor  implens  caelos, 

In  hac  semper  festum  melos ;  10 

Non  est  ibi  corruptela, 

Non  defectus,  non  querela ; 

Non  minuti,  non  deformes, 

Omnes  Christo  stint  conformes. 

Uji>s  in  portu  satis  tuto,  15 

De  longinquo  te  saluto, 

Te  saluto,  te  suspiro, 

Te  affecto,  te  require. 

Quantum  tui  gratulantur, 

Quam  festive  convivantur,  20 

Quis  affectus  eos  stringat 

Aut  quae  gemma  muros  pingat, 

Quis  .cjialcedoa,  quis  iacinthus, 

Norunt  illi  qui  sunt  intus. 

In  plateis  huius  urbis  25 

Sociatus  piis  turbis 

Cum  Moyse  et  Elia 

Pium  cantem  Alleluia.     Amen. 

Hildebert. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

A.  &  G.  =  Allen  and  Greenough's  New  Latin  Grammar. 

B.  =  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar. 

G.  &  L.  =  Gildersleeve  and  Lodge's  Latin  Grammar. 

Lex.  =  Harper's  Latin-English  Lexicon. 

cf.  =  confer,  compare. 

e.g.  =  exempli  gratia,  for  example. 

ff.  =  following. 

i.e.  =  id  est,  that  is. 

1.,  11.  =  line,  lines. 

lit.  =  literally. 

p.,  pp.  =  page,  pages. 

sc.  =  scilicet,  understand,  supply. 

vol.  =  volume. 


54 


NOTES. 

CLASSICAL  LATIN  POETRY. 

I.    ENNIUS. 
239-169  B.C. 

Ennius  ut  noster  cecinit,  qui  primus  amoeno 
Detulit  ex  Helicone  perenni  fronde  coronam, 
Per  gentes  Italas  hominura  quae  clara  clueret. 
Lucretius,  1.  117-119. 

Let  us  venerate  Ennius  like  the  groves,  sacred  from  their  antiquity, 
in  which  the  great  and  ancient  oak  trees  are  invested  not  so  much 
with  beauty  as  with  sacred  associations. — Quintilian,  10.  1.  88, — 
translated  by  Sellar. 

Q.  Ennius,  'the  Father  of  Latin  Literature,'  was  born  at  Rudiae, 
a  town  of  Calabria  and  a  point  of  contact  between  the  Italian  and 
Greek  civilizations.  He  served  with  the  rank  of  centurion  in  the 
Roman  army  in  Sardinia  and  attached  himself  to  Cato  the  Censor. 
In  204  he  came  to  Rome,  where  he  lived  modestly,  supporting  himself 
by  teaching  Greek  and  by  his  writings.  There  he  became  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  great  Scipio.  The  most  famous  of  his  works  are  the 
tragedies,  written  on  Greek  models,  and  the  Annals,  a  long  epic  poem 
in  eighteen  books,  whose  subject  is  the  history  of  Rome  from  the 
earliest  times  to  Ennius'  own  day.  We  have  fragments  of  about 
twenty-five  of  the  tragedies.  Of  the  Annals  about  six  hundred  lines 
are  preserved. 

Ennius  introduced  the  dactylic  hexameter  into  Latin  poetry. 

He  was  versatile,  widely  read  in  Greek  literature,  a  man  of  practical 
interests  and  intellectual  vigor.  His  intense  patriotism  was  rewarded 
by  an  enduring  popularity. 

55 


56  ENNIUS. 

For  Reference  :  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic  (Oxford,  1889), 
chapter  4  ;  the  collections  of  the  fragments  by  Vahlen  (Leipzig,  1854) 
and  by  Muller  (St.  Petersburg,  1885). 

Metres  :  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615  :  Selections  1-5. 
Trochaic  Septenarius,  B.  366, 2  ;  A.  &  G.  620 :  Selections  6,7. 
Elegiac  Stanza,  B.  368,  369  ;  A.  &  G.  616 :  Selection  8. 

1.  'Lines  of  tender  regret  and  true  hero-worship.' — Sellar.     Cf. 
Livy,  1. 16.  2,  3.     Prose  translation  in  Sellar,   Roman  Poets  of  the 
Republic,  p.  110.        3.  qualem  .  .  .  genuerunt:  How  great  a  guar- 
dian of  our  country  did  the  gods  create  in   thee  ! —  Sellar.        4.  O 
pater,  o  genitor  :   pater  is  a  title  of  respect,   genitor  the   actual 
parent.       sanguen  :  an  ante-classic  neuter  collateral  form  of  sanguis. 
5.    intra  luminis  eras  :  icithin  the  realms  of  light  (Sellar),  a  favorite 
expression  with  later  poets. 

2.  '  Sentiments  truly  regal  and  worthy  of  the  race  of  the  Aeacidae.' 
Cicero,  De  Officiis,  1.  12. 

This  is  Pyrrhus'  reply  to  Eabricius  and  other  envoys  sent  to  negoti- 
ate for  the  ransom  of  the  Roman  prisoners  after  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea,  280  B.C. 

Prose  translation  and  fine  comment  in  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the 
Republic,  p.  99. 

1.  dederitis :  perfect  subjunctive  in  a  prohibition.  2.  nee 
cauponantes  bellum  :  not  making  petty  traffic  of  war.  3.  vitam  : 
accusative  of  specification.  5.  accipe  :  to  Fabricius,  while  ducite 
(1.  8)  is  to  all  the  envoys.  7.  eorundem  :  scanned  as  three  sylla- 
bles. 8.  volentibus  .  .  .  dis :  under  favor  of  the  great  gods.  — 
Sellar.  Final  s  in  volentibus  as  in  vivus  (Selection  8.  2)  is  neglected 
in  scanning. 

4.  These  lines  were  often  quoted.  They  are  imitated  by  Vergil, 
Aeneid,  6.  845-846  : 

Tu  Maximus  ille  es, 
unus  qui  nobis  cunctando  restituis  rem. 

Prose  translation  in  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  106. 

1.    cunctando  :  by  biding  his  time.  —Cellar.         rem  equals  rem. 
publicam.        2.  noenum  equals  ne,  not  +  oenum,  old  form  of  unum, 
one.    This  eventually  contracts  into  non.       rumores :  what  men  said 
of  him.  —  Sellar. 


ENNIUS.  57 

5.  One  of  the  grandest  lines  in  Latin  poetry.     Cicero  says  of  it 
(De  Republica,  5.  1)  :  'For  brevity  and  for  truth  it  is  like  the  utter- 
ance of  some  oracle.' 

1.  Moiibus  .  .  .  virisque  :  By  olden  custom  and  great  men  Home 
stands.  virisque  :  cf.  Sir  William  Jones,  An  Ode  in  Imitation  of 
Alcaeus  : 

What  constitutes  a  state  ? 

Not  high-raised  battlement,  nor  labored  mound, 

Thick  wall  or  moated  gate : 

Not  cities  fair  with  spires  and  turrets  crowned : 

No;  —  men,  high-minded  men,  — .  .  . 

Men,  who  their  duties  know, 

But  know  their  rights,  and  knowing  dare  maintain. 

6.  From  the  Telamo,  spoken  by  Telamon  on  receiving  tidings  of 
his  son's  death.     Sellar  describes  the  passage  as  'this  strong  and 
scornful  triumph  over  natural  sorrow.' 

Prose  translation  in  Sellar,  Eoman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  113. 
1.   ei  re  sustuli :  to  that  end  (i.e.  with  full  knowledge  of  the  fact) 
I  bred  them.        re  :  dative,  B.  52,  3  ;  A.  &  G.  98,  d,  NOTE. 

7.  From  the  Telamo.     This  is  Epicurean  doctrine.    Cf.  Tennyson, 
The  Lotos-Eaters,  Choric  Song  at  end  : 

like  Gods  together,  careless  of  mankind. 
For  they  lie  beside  their  nectar,  and  the  bolts  are  hurl'd 
Far  below  them  in  the  valleys,  and  the  clouds  are  lightly  curl'd 
Round  their  golden  houses,  girdled  with  the  gleaming  world  : 
Where  they  smile  in  secret,  looking  over  wasted  lands, 
Blight  and  famine,  plague  and  earthquake,  roaring  deeps  and  fiery 

sands, 
Clanging  fights,  and  flaming  towns,  and  sinking  ships,  and  praying 

hands. 
But  they  smile,  etc. 

Prose  translation  in  Sellar,  Eoman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  78. 
1.   deum :    genitive  with  which  caelitum  agrees.    .,   3.   abest :    is 
not  so.  —  Sellar. 

8.  Prose  translation  in  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  76. 
Note  the  alliterations  in  the  passage.        1.   daciumis  :  older  form  of 


58  LUCRETIUS. 

/acn'mis  and  related  to  it  as  (lingua  to  lingua.  nee  .  .  .  faxit:  and 
let  none  weep  at  my  funeral,  faxit  is  perfect  subjunctive.  2.  Vol- 
ito  .  .  .  virum  :  I  still  live  as  I  fly  along  the  lips  of  men.  Cf .  Vergil, 
Georgics,  3.  9  :  victorque  virum  volitare  per  ora,  and  Shakspere,  /Son- 
net 82  : 

You  still  shall  live  —  such  virtue  hath  my  pen  — 
Where  breath  most  breathes,  even  in  the  mouths  of  men. 


II.  LUCRETIUS. 
98-55  B.C. 

Felix,  qui  potuit  rerum  cognoscere  causas 
atque  metus  omnis  et  inexorabile  fatum 
subiecit  pedibus  strepitumque  Acherontis  avari. 
Vergil,  Georgics,  2.  490-492. 

He  ...  died 
Chief  poet  on  the  Tiber-side. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Vision  of  Poets. 

This  doctrine  of  Lucretius,  though  antagonistic  to  the  popular 
religion,  is  not  atheistic  or  pantheistic  ;  it  is  not  definite  enough  to  be 
theistic.  It  is  rather  the  twilight  between  an  old  and  a  new  faith. — 
Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  355. 

The  joy  and  glory  of  his  art  come  second  in  his  mind  to  his  pas- 
sionate love  of  truth,  and  the  deep  moral  purport  of  what  he  believes 
to  be  the  one  true  message  for  mankind.  The  human  race  lies  fet- 
tered by  superstition  and  ignorance;  his  mission  is  to  dispel  their 
darkness  by  that  light  of  truth  which  is  '  clearer  than  the  beams  of 
the  sun  and  the  shining  shafts  of  day.'  —  Mackail,  Latin  Literature, 
p.  43. 

The  De  Rerum  Natura,  Lucretius'  only  work,  left  at  his  death 
unfinished,  is  a  didactic  poem  in  six  books  which  aims  to  give  an 
explanation  of  the  origin  and  nature  of  the  universe.  All  things  are 
declared  to  be  composed  of  atoms  —  even  the  soul,  which  is  therefore 
mortal  —  and  have  been  developed  by  a  process  of  'evolution'  and 
'survival  of  the  fittest'  under  the  uninterrupted  control  of  natural 


LUCRETIUS.  59 

law.  Gods  exist,  but  have  little  to  do  with  the  world.  On  the  ethical 
side  contentment,  self-control,  obedience,  humility,  are  earnestly 
enjoined. 

The  style  abounds  in  archaism,  alliteration,  and  assonance.  The 
frequent  use  of  new  compounds  is  a  noticeable  peculiarity  of  the 
diction. 

Jerome  states  that  the  wife  of  Lucretius  gave  him  a  love-philtre 
which  took  away  his  reason  so  that,  after  composing  in  his  lucid 
intervals  several  books,  which  were  afterward  corrected  by  Cicero,  he 
died  by  his  own  hand. 

Sellar  is  inclined  to  accept  this  story  as  a  'meagre  and  distorted 
record  of  tragical  events  in  the  poet's  life.'  On  the  basis  of  this 
legend  and  an  appreciative  study  of  the  De  Rerum  Natura,  Tennyson 
composed  his  Lucretius. 

For  Reference  :  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  chapters  11- 
14  ;  Munro,  Text  of  Lucretius,  with  Notes  and  Introduction  (4th  edi- 
tion, Cambridge,  1886)  ;  Mackail,  Latin  Literature  (New  York,  1898), 
pp.  44-46  (Lucretius  as  anticipating  theories  of  modern  science). 

Metre :  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 

1.  2.  animi :  a  locative  form,  B.  232,  3  ;  A.  &  G.  358.        3.  thyrso  : 
see  Lex.  II.  A  and  B.  5-10.     Often  imitated,  as  by  Vergil,  Georyics, 
3.  291-203.        5,6.  mente  .  .  .  loca  :  I  traverse  in  blooming  thought 
the  pathless  haunts  of  the  Pierides.  —  Munro.         7.  iuvat :  I  love. — 
Munro.        11, 12.    artis  religionum  nodis  :   Lucretius  teaches  that, 
since  the  gods  do  not  govern  the  world,  all  rites  of  worship  are  need- 
less, and,  since  the  soul  is  mortal,  punishment  after  death  is  not  to 
be  feared.    Cf .  Tennyson,  Lucretius : 

My  golden  (cf.  aurea,  Selection  2.  12)  work  in  which  I  told  a  truth 

That  stays  the  rolling  Ixionian  wheel, 

And  numbs  the  Fury's  ringlet-snake  and  plucks 

The  mortal  soul  from  out  immortal  hell. 

Religio  is  probably  derived  from  the  root  lig,  meaning  to  bind.  The 
Roman  felt  his  religion  to  be  a  fetter  upon  him.  14.  contingents  : 
overlaying,  a  compound  of  tango.  —  Munro. 

2.  2.    commoda  :    the   true    interests. — Munro.          3.    o  .  .  . 
decus:   Epicurus,  who  is  praised  in  many  passages.      (See  Sellar, 


60  LUCRETIUS. 

Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  p.  298  ff.)     His  bold  and  comprehen- 
sive thinking  is  characterized  as  follows  (1.  72-74)  : 

Ergo  vivida  vis  animi  per-vicit,  et  extra 

processit  longe  flammantia  moenia  mundi 

atque  omne  inmensum  peragravit  mente  animoque. 

6,  7.  quid  .  .  .  cycnis :  for  in  what  respect  could  the  swallow 
vie  with  swans  ?  8.  consimile  .  .  .  et :  that  could  compare  with. 
16.  terrores :  of  superstition.  To  remove  these  by  demonstrating 
the  uncontested  supremacy  in  the  universe  of  natural  law  is  Lucretius' 
main  purpose.  moenia  ff.  :  Lucretius  thinks  of  the  earth  as  at  rest 
in  the  centre  of  our  system,  —  or  mundus,  —  surrounded  by  the  air  in 
which  move  the  moon  and  the  sun.  The  air  is  encompassed  by  the 
fiery  aether,  — OT  flammantia  moenia  mundi,  '  the  flaming  walls  of  the 
world,'  —  which,  as  it  rotates,  carries  the  stars  with  it.  Beyond  is 
the  'illimitable  inane'  (inmensum  inane)  in  which  are  set  an  infinite 
number  of  other  worlds,  and  in  the  midst  of  these  the  dwellings  where 
the  gods  '  live  the  great  life  .  .  .  center'd  in  eternal  calm '  (deos 
securum  agere  aevom,  6.  58).  To  the  poet's  instructed  vision  aether 
opens  and  earth  becomes  transparent.  18-24.  Inspired  by  Odyssey, 
6.  42-45.  Cf.  Tennyson,  Lucretius  : 

The  Gods,  who  haunt 
The  lucid  interspace  of  world  and  world, 
Where  never  creeps  a  cloud,  or  moves  a  wind, 
Nor  ever  falls  the  least  white  star  of  snow, 
Nor  ever  lowest  roll  of  thunder  moans, 
Nor  sound  of  human  sorrow  mounts  to  mar 
Their  sacred  everlasting  calm! 

and  his  description  of  the 

island-valley  of  Avilion, 
Where  falls  not  hail,  or  rain,  or  any  snow, 
Nor  ever  wind  blows  loudly 

in  the  Passing  of  Arthur.     Observe  the  melody  of  the  Latin  due  to  the 
skilful  alliteration,  and  cf.  Munro's  translation  of  it  for  a  like  effect. 

25.  nusquam  apparent :  Lucretius  has  proved  that  they  do  not 
exist.  26.  nee  .  .  .  dispiciantur :  though  earth  is  no  bar  to  all 
things  being  descried.  —  Munro.  28,  29.  voluptas  adque  horror  : 

delight  mixed  with  shuddering  awe.  —  Munro. 


LUCRETIUS.  Gi 

3.  1-4.  Zephyr  and  Flora  precede  Spring  and  Venus.         viai : 
genitive  of  archaic  form  dependent  on  cuncta,  translate  as  all  the  way. 
5.  loci :   partitive  genitive  after  inde ;  translate  the  two  words  by 
then.        8.  aliae  .  .  .  ventique :  other  stormy  winds,  i.e.  Volturnus 
and  Auster.         10.  bruma :  midwinter. 

4.  1.  Ergo  :  because  of  visions  of  the  night  and  day  and  because  of 
their  observation  of  natural  phenomena  men  at  large  came  to  the  in- 
correct belief  that  the  gods  govern  the  world.     (Lucretius  denies  the 
providence  of  the  gods,  not  their  existence.)        2.  tradere,  facere  : 
infinitives  used  substantively  in  apposition  to  perfugium.       3.  templa : 
realms.        5.  severa  :  stern,  austere.     Properly  the  epithet  of  noctis, 
but  poetically  transferred  to  signa.        6.  faces,  flammae :  meteors. 
7.  The  heaping  up  of  substantives  without  a  copula  is  not  uncommon 
in  Lucretius.        8.  fremitus :   distant,  rumbling  thunder.        mur- 
mura  magna  minarum  :   the  near  loud,  threatful  thunderclaps.  — 
Munro.     minarum  is  equivalent  to  a  limiting  adjective.        13.  vela- 
turn  :  the  Romans  prayed  with  covered  head.         14.  vertier  :  middle. 
The  reference  is  to  a  Roman  custom  by  which  the  suppliant  approached 
with  the  statue  on  his  right ;  after  praying,  he  turned  to  the  right  so 
as  to  face  it  and  then  prostrated  himself.        17.  vota  :  votive  tablets. 
18  ff.  It  is  true  piety,  not  to  perform  these  rites,  but  to  possess  a  tran- 
quil mind,  and  this  is  difficult,  for  the  grandeur  and  terror  of  nature 
are  almost  overwhelming.        20.  super  fixum  :  fast  above.  —  Munro. 
21.  et  .  .  .  viarum  :  and  direct  our  thoughts  to  the  courses  of  the  sun 
and  moon.  —  Munro.        viarum:  B.  206,  3.         26.    rationis  eges- 
tas  :   lack  of  power  to  solve  the  question.  —  Munro.        27.    genitalis 
origo  :    birthtime.  —  Munro.        28.  quoad :  how  long.        34.  con- 
trahitur :    shrink    into    itself.  —  Munro.         38.    corripiunt :     like 
contrahitur,  but  stronger.        40.   poenarum  :  genitive  depending  on 
solvendi.        45.  viris  quae  ff.  :  powers  sufficient  to,  etc. 

LUCRETIUS  AS  OBSERVER  AND  WORD-PAINTER.  —  The  following 
groups  of  phrases  and  sentences  are  given  as  illustrative  of  the  accu- 
racy, variety,  and  splendor  of  Lucretius'  descriptions : 

1.  Shells  on  the  Shore. 
Concharumque  genus  parili  ratione  videmus 
pingere  telluris  gremium,  qua  mollibus  undis 
litoris  incurvi  bibulam  pavit  aequor  arenam.     2.  374-376. 


62  CATULLUS. 

2.   The  Stars. 

Candida  sidera.     5.  1210. 

micant  aeterni  sidera  mundi.     5.  514. 

Simul  ac  primum  sub  diu  splendor  aquai 

ponitur,  extemplo  caelo  stellante  serena 

sidera  respondent  in  aqua  radiantia  mundo.     4.  211-213. 

caeli  labentia  signa.     1.  2. 

fervida  signa.     5.  G28. 

Raraque  per  caelum  cum  venti  nubila  portant 

tempore  nocturne,  turn  splendida  signa  videntur 

labier  adversum  nimbos  atque  ire  superne.     4.  443-445. 

totum  circuin  tremere  aethera  signis.     1.  1089. 

3.  The  Sky. 

stellis  fulgentibus  apta 
concutitur  caeli  domus.     6.  357-358. 
signiferi  super  aetheris  aestus.     6.  481. 
caeli  lucida  templa.     1.  1014. 

altaque  caeli 
densebant  procul  a  terris  fulgentia  templa.     5.  490-491. 

4.  The  Sun. 

sol  lumine  conserit  arva.  2.  210-211. 
rosea  sol  alte  lampade  lucens.  5.  610. 
aeternum  lampada  inundi.  5.  402. 

•     III.   CATULLUS. 

84-54  B.C. 
Odi  et  amo.  Carmen  85.  1. 

Si  tamen  e  nobis  aliquid  nisi  nomen  et  umbra 

restat,  in  Elysia  valle  Tibullus  erit : 
obvius  huic  venias,  hedera  iuvenalia  cinctus 

tempora,  cum  Calvo.  docte  Catulle,  tuo. 

Ovid,  Amores,  3.  9.  59-62. 

Tenderest  of  Roman  poets  .  .   . 
Sweet  Catullus. 

Tennyson,  '  Prater,  Ace  atque  Vale.' 


CATULLUS.  63 

Catullus  is  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of  Roman  literature. 

With  the  exception  of  c.  61,  it  is  in  his  shorter  poems  that  Catullus 
achieves  his  greatest  success.  The  poet  does  not  handle  dactylic  meas- 
ures quite  easily ;  on  the  other  hand,  he  is  masterly  in  the  lighter 
lyrical  forms.  The  harmony  of  substance  and  form,  the  refinement 
and  transparent  clearness  of  the  thoughts,  are  incomparable,  as  are 
the  grace,  strength,  and  warmth  of  feeling  in  the  shorter  pieces. 

Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of  Roman  Literature,  vol.  1, 
p.  391  ff. 

Catullus,  born  at  Verona  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  came  early  to  Rome, 
where  most  of  his  short  life  was  spent.  He  has  left  us  about  116 
poems,  most  of  them  brief,  but  a  few  of  considerable  length.  The 
ultimate  preservation  of  these  depended  upon  the  fortunate  redis- 
covery at  Verona  of  a  single  copy.  Several  of  them  imitate  the  learned 
and  artificial  style  of  the  Alexandrine  school  of  Greek  poetry.  It  is 
on  this  account  that  Ovid  applies  to  him  the  epithet  doctus. 

For  Reference :  Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic,  chapter  15 ; 
Robinson  Ellis,  A  Commentary  on  Catullus  (2d  edition,  Oxford,  1889)  ; 
Merrill,  Catullus  (Boston,  1893) ;  Ellis,  Translation  of  Catullus 
(London, 1871). 

Metres:   Phalaecian,  A.  &  G.  623,  624,  625.  11  :  Selections  1,  3,  4,  5. 
Choliambic,  A.  &  G.  618,  a,  b,  c :  Selection  6. 
Elegiac,  B.  369,  1,  2  ;  A.  &.  G.  616  :  Selections  2,  7-9. 

1.  2.  oppositast :  equals  opposita  est.     The  joke  turns  on   the 
double  meaning  of  opponere,  to  expose  and  to  mortgage.    We  may 
render  the  passage  as,  —  My  little  farm  is  not  exposed  to  the  drafts  of 
the  south   wind  .  .  .  but  to   a  draft  for,  etc.        3.    Apeliotae :  a 
Greek  word  for  east  wind,  meaning  from  the  sun,  i.e.  from  the  region 
where    the  sun    rises.      For  declension    see    B.    22 ;    A.   &  G.  44. 
4.  ducentos  :  sc.  sestertios.     The  sestertius  was  worth  from  four  to 
five  cents.        5.  O  ventum  .  .  .  pestilentem  :    0  unhealthy  draft ! 

2.  Latin  did  not  naturally  use  h  at  all  with  consonants  nor  favor 
its  use  before  vowels.     Greek,  however,  frequently  employs  the  aspi- 
rated consonants  ch,  ph,  and  th  as  well  as  the  rough  breathing  ;  and, 
though  in  earlier  times  the  Romans  were  satisfied  to  take  Greek  words 
over  into  their  language  without  aspirating,  e.g.  Corintns  for  K.6ptvOos, 


64  CATULLUS. 

in  later  times  aspirating  became  a  fashion.  Of  this  fashion  Arrius  is 
an  unskilful  follower,  who,  while  believing  himself  to  be  achieving  a 
fine  reputation  for  good  form,  makes  himself  a  target  for  the  ridicule 
of  Catullus. 

1.  vellet :  imperfect  subjunctive  in  the  protasis  of  a  general  con- 
dition, B.  302,  1,  3,  a  ;  A.  &  G.  518,  c.  3.  sperabat :  he  used  to 
flatter  himself.  4.  quantum  poterat :  with  might  and  main. 
Arrius  makes  all  the  display  that  he  can  of  his  elegant  (?)  accomplish- 
ment. 5.  liber :  implying  that  Arrius'  uncle  had  been  a  slave  and 
that  the  family  is  of  humble  origin.  Catullus  thus  intimates  that  what 
Arrius  thinks  an  accomplishment  really  stamps  him  as  of  low  birth. 
7.  niisso  :  sent  to  Syria  on  some  public  service,  perhaps  with  Crassus 
in  55  B.C.  8.  audibant :  B.  116,  4,  b  ;  A.  &  G.  183,  1.  leniter 
et  leviter  :  the  devotees  of  the  aspirating  fashion  whom  Arrius  had 
left  behind  in  Rome  were  not  so  obtrusive  about  it  as  he,  did  not 
speak  out  'quantum  poterant.'  9.  postilla :  equals  postea. 

11.  loiiios  :  news  of  Arrius  would  come  soon  from  the  Ionian  Sea, 
for,  lying  as  it  did  to  the  west  of  Greece,  it  would  soon  be  reached  by 
him  on  his  eastward  journey.  isset :  B.  116,  1  ;  A.  &  G.  181,  b. 

The  following  is  Martin's  translation : 

Whenever  Arrius  wished  to  name 
'Commodious,'  out  ' chommodious '  came  : 
And  when  of  his  intrigues  he  blabbed, 
With  his  '  hintrigues '  our  ears  he  stabbed  ; 
And  thought,  moreover,  he  displayed 
A  rare  refinement  when  he  made 
His  A's  thus  at  random  fall 
With  emphasis  most  guttural. 
When  suddenly  came  news  one  day 
Which  smote  the  city  with  dismay, 
That  the  Ionian  seas  a  change 
Had  undergone,  most  sad  and  strange ; 
For,  since  by  Arrius  crossed,  the  wild 
'  Hionian  Hocean '  they  were  styled. 

3.  1.  Veneres :  the  plural  is  symmetrical  with  Cupidines,  while 
suggesting  '  the  Graces. '  2.  et  .  .  .  venustiorum  :  and  all  who 
have  a  soul  for  beauty.  hominum :  partitive  genitive.  venus- 


CATULLUS.  65 

tiorum  :  B.  240,  1  ;  A.  &  G.  291,  a.  The  expression  describes  those 
who  possess  qualities  of  grace  and  charm,  and  implies  that  they  can 
appreciate  such  qualities.  3.  puellae  :  probably  Clodia,  wife  of  Q. 
Caecilius  Metellus  Celer,  to  whom  under  the  name  of  '  Lesbia '  Catullus 
addressed  a  number  of  poems.  His  attachment  for  her  was  the  '  one 
all-absorbing  passion  of  the  poet's  life.'  6.  mellitus  :  a  honey. 
suamque :  his  lady.  Catullus  speaks  of  the  sparrow  in  language  ap- 
propriate to  a  lover.  11.  iter  tenebricosum  :  the  shadowy  journey 
to  Hades.  12.  Cf.  Hamlet,  3.  1 : 

The  undiscover'd  country  from  whose  bourn 
No  traveller  returns. 

13.  At  .  .  .  tenebrae:  Evil  be  to  you,  evil  shadows!  17.  tua 
opera  :  for  you,  i.e.  for  the  sparrow,  ablative  of  cause.  18.  tur- 
giduli  .  .  .  ocelli  :  my  girl's  pretty  eyes  are  so  red  and  sicollen. 

4.  2.  antistans  .  .  .  trecentis  :  worth  a  million  of  the  rest  to  me. 
milibus :    depends    on  antistans,    B.    187,   III,    1  ;    A.    &    G.    370. 
4.    aiium  :  aged,  used  as  an  adjective.        5.   mihi :  B.  188,  c  ;  A.  &  G. 
378,1.       nuntii  :  plural,  though  for  a  single  message.      6.  Hiberum  : 
genitive  plural.         7.    facta :   deeds.        8.   adplicansque  collum  : 
i.e.  with  arm  about  your  neck  drawing  you  to  me.        10.   Cf.  1,  2 
and  note  on  venustiorum.     Translate  O!  of  happy,  happy  mortals. 
11.    quid :    a  '  neuter  not  very  rare  in  Latin  in  similar  sweeping 
appeals. '  —  Merrill. 

5.  Date,   56  B.C.          1.    egelidos :    in  which   there  is   no   chill. 
4.   Catullus  is  at  the  end  of  a  year  of  absence  in  Bithynia  on  the  staff 
of  Memmius  the  governor,  and  is  about  to  return  to  Italy.        Phrygii 
campi :   the  plains  about  Nicaea.        6.   claras  Asiae  urbes :   the 
famous  Greek  cities  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  as  Ephe- 
sus,   Smyrna.         7.   praetrepidans :    tremulous  with   anticipation. 
9.   comitum  :  the  other  members  of  the  governor's  staff,  or  cohors. 
11.   diversae  variae  :  separate  and  varied. 

6.  Date,  56  B.C.     Sirmione  (Sirmio)  is  a  peninsula  —  at  high  water 
an  island  —  extending  into  the  Lago  di  Garda  (Lacus  Benacus).    An 
ancient  ruin  here  of  Constantine's  time  was  long  known  as  Catullus' 
villa.     Cf.  with  this  and  the  ninth  selection  Tennyson's   '  Prater, 
Ave  atque  Vale ' : 


66  CATULLUS. 

Row  us  out  from  Desenzano,  to  your  Sirmione  row  ! 
So  they  row'd  and  there  we  landed  —  '  0  venusta  Sirmio  ! ' 
There  to  me  thro'  all  the  groves  of  olive  in  the  summer  glow, 
There  beneath  the  Roman  ruin  where  the  purple  flowers  grow, 
Came  that  '  Ave  atque  Vale '  of  the  poet's  hopeless  woe, 
Tenderest  of  Roman  poets  nineteen  hundred  years  ago, 
'Frater,  Ave  atque  Vale '  — as  we  wander'd  to  and  fro 
Gazing  at  the  Lydian  laughter  of  the  Garda  Lake  helow 
Sweet  Catullus'  all-but-island,  olive-silvery  Sirmio  ! 

1, 2.  Paene  insularum  .  .  .  ocelle :  pearl  of  all  peninsulas. 
Paene  is  used  as  an  adjective  by  a  Greek  construction,  A.  &  G.  321,  c. 
Cf.  Ovid,  Heroides,  15. 357,paewe  puer.  ocelle  :  cf.  Milton,  Paradise 
Regained,  4.  240,  '  Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece.'  3.  fert  .  .  .  Nep- 
tunus :  twin-realmed  (Cranstoun)  Neptune  -upholds  in  lakes  or  sea. 
fert :  Poseidon,  according  to  Homer,  is  the  earth-upholding.  Cf. 
Exodus  20.  4  '  the  water  under  the  earth.'  uterque :  i.e.  as  god  of 
stagna  (lakes')  and  of  mare.  5.  Thyniam  :  the  part  of  Bithynia 
on  the  shore  of  the  Thracian  Bosporus.  6.  liquisse  :  the  poets 
are  fond  of  using  uncompounded  forms  of  verbs.  Cf.  5,  4,  linquantur. 
7.  O  .  .  .  curis  :  '  The  form  of  expression  suggests  that  the  cares 
now  past  are,  as  past,  actual  pleasures.'  —  Ellis.  8,  9.  peregrine 
labore  :  the  toil  of  travel.  larem :  the  home,  lit.  the  household  god. 
11.  Hoc  .  .  .  tantis :  This  it  is  that  of  itself  is  a  compensation  for 
so  great  labors.  12.  venusta  :  Ellis  praises  '  the  beauty  of  Sirmio, 
with  its  high  cliffs  descending  into  the  transparently  blue  water,  and 
the  exquisite  color  of  the  surrounding  land  and  sky.'  ero  gaude  : 
be  glad  for  thy  master,  i.e.  thy  master  bids  thee  '  Rejoice  ! ' 
13.  Lydiae  :  the  shores  of  the  lake  were  once  occupied  by  Etruscans, 
and  they  were  said  to  have  come  originally  from  Lydia.  The  epithet 
is  transferred  from  lacus  to  undae.  14.  quidquid  .  .  .  cachin- 
norum  :  the  clause  is  to  be  taken  as  a  vocative. 

7.  2.  Calve  :  Calvus  was  an  accomplished  orator  and  poet.  Of  his 
literary  work  almost  nothing  remains.  He  was  Catullus'  intimate 
friend  and  is  often  mentioned  with  him.  •  3.  desiderio  :  yearning, 
in  apposition  to  dolore,  denning  and  specializing  it.  4.  olini 
missas  :  lost  in  by-gone  days,  missas  equals  amissas.  Cf .  Selection 
6,  6  and  note.  6.  Quintiliae :  Calvus'  young  wife.  Calvus  him- 
self wrote  elegies  in  her  memory. 


CATULLUS.  67 

8.  This  poem  was  sent  to  Hortensius  introducing  a  translation  from 
the  Greek  poet  Calliinachus  (which  is  possibly  Carmen  66  and  of  the 
Coma  Berenices).         2.    Ortale:    Q.    Hortensius  Ortalus,   Cicero's 
chief  rival  as  an  orator.      virgmibus  :  the  Muses.        3.   fetus :  fruit- 
age.       4.  metis  atiimi :  my  thoughtful  soul.     Cicero,  De  liepublica, 
2. 40.  67,  describes  the  mens  as  pars  animi.        5,  6.  Lethaeo  gurgite 
manaiis  unda  :  the  ivave  slow-streaming  from  the  gulf  of  oblivion. 
The  '  river  of  death '  which  the  brother  of  Catullus  has  just  crossed 
(Catullus  says  forded)  to  return  no  more,  is  called  Lethaean  (Greek 
Xijflr?,  '  forgetfulness'),  since  the  dead  forget  the  living,  and  the  living 
the  dead.         6.  pallidulum  :   poor,    pallid    foot.        7.   Rhoeteo : 
Rhoeteum  was  a  promontory  of  the  Troad.        8.    obterit:  crushes. 
13.    Daulias :    the    nightingale,   lit.    the    (transformed)   woman  of 
Daulis.    Catullus  has  taken  this  name  from  the  legend  of  Tereus  (see 
Harper's  Classical  Dictionary,  'Tereus'),  while  he  has  followed  the 
myth  as  it  appears  in  Odyssey,  19.  518  ff.,  where  the  plaintive  song  of 
the  nightingale  is  represented  as  the  lamentation  of  Aedon  for  her 
child  Itylus,  whom  before  her  transformation  into  the  nightingale  '  she 
slew  unwittingly  with  the  bronze.'         15.    haec  expressa  carmina 
Battiadae  :  these  verses  translated  from  Callimachus.     Calliinachus 
of  Cyrene,  '  the  son  of  Battus,'  was  a  Greek  poet  of  the  Alexandrine 
school.     His  death  occurred  about  240  B.C.         16.   nequiquam  .  .  . 
ventis :  i.e.  ineffectual. 

9.  '  An  invocation  accompanying  offerings  at  the  tomb  of  the  poet's 
brother.'  —  Merrill.     Catullus  probably  made  this  visit  to  the  Troad 
on  his  Bithynian  journey.    Date,  probably  57  B.C.        2.    miseras  ad 
inferias  :  for  these  sad  offerings.    The  inferiae,  or  offerings  to  the 
dead,  consisted  of  wine,  milk,  blood,  honey,  flowers,  etc.        4.   nequi- 
quam :  no  answer  would  be  returned.         6.   indigne  :    icrongfully, 
because  his  death  was  premature.        7.    Nunc  tamen  interea :  But 
now  while  I  thus  am  sorrowing,    interea,  as  in  14.  21,  36.  18,  and 
Ciris,  44  ff. ,  marks  the  transition  from  reflection  upon  a  situation  to  the 
act  which  that  situation   demands   at   the   moment.         9.    multum 
manantia  :  drenched.        10.    ave  atque  vale  :  the  formula  of  fare- 
well to  the  dead,  spoken  at  the  conclusion  of  the  funeral  ceremonies. 
Cf.  Vergil,  Aeneid,  11.  97  ff. 


68  VERGIL. 

IV.    VERGIL. 

70-19  B.C. 

Roman  Vergil,  thou  that  singest 

Ilion's  lofty  temples  robed  in  fire, 
Ilion  falling,  Rome  arising, 

Wars,  and  filial  faith,  and  Dido's  pyre  ; 

Thou  that  singest  wheat  and  woodland, 

Tilth  and  vineyard,  hive  and  horse  and  herd; 

All  the  charm  of  all  the  Muses 
Often  flowering  in  a  lonely  word ; 

Poet  of  the  happy  Tityrus 

Piping  underneath  his  beechen  bowers  ; 

Poet  of  the  poet-satyr 

Whom  the  laughing  shepherd  bound  with  flowers  ; 

I  salute  thee,  Mantovano, 
I  that  loved  thee  since  my  day  began, 

Wielder  of  the  stateliest  measure 
Ever  molded  by  the  lips  of  man. 

Tennyson,  To  Vergil. 

Vergil,  as  the  author  of  the  Bucolics  and  the  Aeneid,  is  already 
known  to  the  student.  The  Georgics  were  composed  after  the  former 
and  before  the  latter,  since  they  were  begun  in  36  B.C.  and  finished  in 
29  B.C.  Hesiod's  Works  and  Days  supplied  a  partial  model,  and  the 
influence  of  Lucretius  was  powerful.  The  poet  shows  an  intense 
enthusiasm  for  his  subject,  which  Mr.  Merivale  asserts  to  be  the  Glorifi- 
cation of  Labor.  The  First  Book  treats  of  the  tillage  of  the  ground, 
the  Second  of  the  culture  of  trees  and  of  the  vine,  the  Third  of  the 
care  of  the  animals  bred  by  the  farmer,  and  the  Fourth  and  last  of 
bee-keeping.  Elegant  episodes  diversify  the  poem,  the  longest  of 
which  we  extract.  The  dedication  of  the  Georgics  is  to  Maecenas. 
Their  extent  is  about  2200  lines. 

For  Reference  :  Conington's  Vergil,  Fifth  Edition,  revised  by 
Haverfield,  George  Bell  and  Sons,  London,  1898,  Vol.  I,  pp.  135-165, 
and  notes  upon  Georgics,  4.  315-558. 

Metre:  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 


VERGIL.  69 

1.  Servius  twice  tells  us  (Eclogues  10.  1  and  Georgics  4.  1)  that  the 
poet  Cornelius  Callus  was  Vergil's  friend,  and  that  the  latter  half  of 
the  fourth  Georgic  was  originally  written  in  his  praise,  but  that  this 
was  suppressed  at  the  command  of  Augustus  and  the  tale  of  Aristaeus 
substituted.  Callus,  we  remember,  appears  in  the  sixth  and  tenth 
Eclogues.  The  story  of  his  disgrace  by  the  emperor  and  his  suicide  is 
a  familiar  one. 

Aristaeus,  having  lost  his  bees  '  by  disease  and  hunger,'  is  com- 
manded by  the  nymph  Cyrene,  his  mother,  to  obtain  from  the  sea-god 
Proteus  the  reason  for  this  manifestation  of  divine  displeasure.  He 
learns  that  it  is  because  Eurydice,  the  wife  of  Orpheus,  has  perished  as 
a  result  of  his  amorous  pursuit ;  and  the  story  of  Orpheus'  descent  to 
the  lower  world  to  recover  her  is  narrated  to  him.  Then  Cyrene  in- 
structs him  how  to  secure  a  new  swarm.  1.  hanc  .  .  .  artem  : 
this  method  of  obtaining  new  swarms  of  bees  by  slaying  cattle  and 
allowing  bees  to  form  in  their  decaying  bodies.  3.  Peneia  Tempe  : 
Tempe  is  a  beautiful  valley  in  Thessaly  through  which  the  river  Peneus 
flows.  5.  extrenii :  i.e.  the  rising  river.  amnis:  the  Peneus. 
7.  gui  gitis :  flood.  9.  Thymbraeus  :  Thymbra  was  a  city  near 
Troy  where  there  was  a  temple  of  Apollo.  10.  fatis :  by  the  fates, 
B.  189,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  375.  nostri:  objective  genitive.  11.  caelum 
sperare :  Aristaeus  was  deified  after  death.  12.  honorem  :  honor 
from  the  possession  of  wealth.  14.  relinquo  :  leave  with  reluctance, 
lose.  15.  Quin  age:  }Vhy  not  go  on  ?  in  ironical  remonstrance. 
17.  molire :  wield,  imperative.  18.  taedia  :  loathing  of  my 
praise,  B.  55,  4,  c.  The  plural  expresses  the  aversion  on  each  occa- 
sion. 19.  thalamo  sub  :  in  the  deep  river's  chamber.  Stib  governs 
thalamo,  but  follows  it.  Cyrene,  as  daughter  of  the  river-god  Peneus, 
dwells  in  subterranean  chambers  at  the  source  of  that  stream.  She  is 
at  this  time  in  the  thalamo  described  in  60  ff.  Aristaeus  enters 
through  the  river,  thought  of  as  emerging  from  the  earth  a  full-grown 
stream,  the  waters  arching  over  his  head  to  admit  him.  He  passes 
beneath  the  earth  where  he  sees  groves  and  lakes,  and  rivers  which 
are  presently  to  issue  as  the  various  streams  of  the  upper  world. 
20.  Milesia :  the  wool  of  Miletus,  a  city  on  the  west  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  was  famous.  21.  carpebant:  were  plucking  the  fleeces, 
i.e.  spinning.  hyali  .  .  .  colore  :  dyed  with  the  rich,  glass-green 
color.  22.  A  similar  catalogue  of  names  is  in  Iliad,  18.  39  ff. 
Drymoque  :  que  is  long  according  to  Greek  usage  before  the  double 


70  VERGIL. 

consonant  beginning  the  next  word.       28.   auro    ff. :    arrayed    in 
skins    embroidered    with    threads    of    gold.          31   ff.     Odyssey,    8. 

34.  mollia  pensa  :  their  soft  tasks.    See  Lex.  pendo  II,  pensum,  B,  1. 

35.  unpulit :  struck  his  mother's  ears.        39.    procul :   sc.    dixit. 
frustra :  idly,  without  reason.        42.    nomine  :  ablative  of  specifica- 
tion.        43.    nova  :    strange.         44.    age :    quick.         46.   qua  ff.  : 
purpose  clause,  that  the  youth  miyht  enter  there.        48.    misit  :  let 
him  pass,  lit.  sent  him.     He  enters  the  earth  through  the  opening  by 
which  the  Peneus  finds  exit.        52.  sub  .  .  .  terra:,  so  Plato  in  the 
myth  of  the  Phaedo  conceives  of  rivers  as  penetrating  the  depths  of 
the  earth.        53  ff.    For  the  rivers  named  see  Lex.        57.    cornua  : 
accusative   of  specification.        voltu :  dative,  B.  49,  2  ;  A.  &  G.  89. 
60.   in  thalami  pendentia  pumice  tecta:  tecta  may  be  regarded 
either  as  participle  or  noun.    In  the  former  case  thalami  tecta,  '  the 
covered  things  of  the  chamber,'  equals  thalamum  tectum,  'the  covered 
chamber,'   as  strata  viarum  equals  stratae  viae;  pendentia  pumice 
tecta,  roofs  or  covered  things  hanging  with  pumice  (ablative  of  instru- 
ment) equals  pendente  pumice  tecta,  roofs  of  hanging  pumice  (ablative 
of  description).     Translate:    into  the  chamber  roofed  with  arching 
pumice.        61.  inanis :    since  so  easily  removed,  accusative  plural. 
63.  tonsis  .   .  .  villis  :  of  shorn  nap,  smooth  and  soft.        64.  oner- 
ant  :   B.   254,   4,  a  ;  A.  &  G.  317,    d.        65.    Fanchaeis  ignibus  : 
incense-burning    flames.     Panchaea  was  a  fabulous  island,   east  of 
Arabia,  rich  in  incense.        66.    et  mater :   sc.  dixit.        Maeonii : 
Lydian.        Bacchi :  the  wine,  as  Vestam  (1. 70)  is  the  fire,  the  deities 
being  named  for  that  over  which  they   preside.         69.    centum  : 
simply   expressing  a  large  number.         71.    subiecta :  shooting  up. 
73  ff.        This  part  of  the  story  has  its  original  in  Odyssey  4.    The 
Carpathian  Sea  is  between  Crete  and   Rhodes.        74.   caeruleus : 
an  epithet  applied  to  Proteus  as  a  god  of  the  azure  sea.        75.    The 
yoked  chariot  of  two-footed  steeds  equals  the  chariot  yoked  to  two- 
footed  steeds.        77.    Pallenen:  a  peninsula  of  Emathia,  or  Mace- 
donia.       79.    quae  .  .  .  trahantur :   what  in    the  near  future   is 
drawn  on  in  the  chain  of  events.        83.    eventusque  secundet :  and 
may  make  the   issue  favorable.         94.  fulva  cervice :  ablative  of 
description.        101.  ambrosiae:  used  as  an  ointment,  as  Iliad,  14. 
170,  Aeneid,  12. 419.       102.  perduxit :  anointed ;  Lex.  perduco,  I.  C. 
1.        105,  106.     quo    .  .  .    reductos :     whither   many    a    billow 
marches  before  the  wind  and  divides  into  files  that  fall  back,    cogo  and 


VERGIL.  71 

reductos  may  be  used  in  a  military  sense.  The  wind  is  the  rear-guard 
of  the  marching  files  of  billows  formed  as  the  main  wave  enters  an  in- 
dentation in  the  shore.  As  the  wave  divides,  all  the  secondary  waves 
pursue  the  original  direction,  but  the  outer  ones  are  retarded,  as  com- 
pared with  the  middle  ones,  and  seem  to  fall  back.  Statio,  just  below, 
is  familiar  as  a  military  term.  Or  reductos  sinus  can  mean  the 
depths  of  the  bay.  107.  deprensis:  weather-bound.  108.  vasti 
.  .  .  obiice  saxi :  by  the  barrier  of  a  vast  rock,  i.e.  behind  a  rock. 
109.  aversum  a  lumine :  in  the  darkness.  114.  faucibus : 
i.e.  the  deep-cut  channels.  Perhaps  the  author  intends  with  a  bold 
personification  to  speak  of  the  almost  dried-up  rivers  as  dry-throated, 
siccis  faucibus  would  then  be  well  taken  as  ablative  of  description. 
115.  antra:  plural  in  view  of  the  many  chambers.  117.  rorem 
amarum :  the  bitter  dew,  beautifully  used  of  the  salt  spray. 
121.  acuunt:  whet  the  wolves,  i.e.  their  hunger.  131.  Nam  quis 
equals  quisnam,  Who  pray  ?  Surprise  is  expressed.  133.  neque 
est:  nor  is  it  possible,  used  with  infinitive  in  Greek  construction, 
Lex.  1  sum,  I,  B,  5,  b,  e.  135.  lassis  rebus:  shattered  fortunes. 
137.  glauco :  azure.  '  139.  Non  .  .  .  nullius :  double  negative 
for  greater  emphasis.  It  is  in  very  truth  the  wrath  of  a  god  that  pur- 
sues thee.  irae  :  B.  55,  4,  c ;  A.  &  G.  100,  c.  141.  baud  quaquam 
ob  meritum  poenas  :  penalties  by  no  means  on  account  of  thy  guilt, 
i.e.  less  than  thy  guilt.  147-149.  Rhodope  and  Pangaeus  are  moun- 
tains, the  Getae  a  tribe,  Hebrus  a  river,  — all  in  Thrace.  Athenian 
Orithyia,  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  king  of  Athens,  was  carried  by 
Boreas  to  Thrace,  where  she  bore  Calais  and  Zetes.  As  a  nymph  of 
the  country  she  is  interested  in  the  fate  of  the  Thracian  Orpheus 
and  Eurydice.  153.  Taenarias :  a  cavern  on  the  promontory  of 
Taenarus  in  Laconia  was  fabled  to  be  the  entrance  of  the  infernal 
regions.  157.  Erebi  :  Greek  'Epe^os,  a  place  of  darkness,  i.e.  the 
lower  world.  159  ff.  Cf.  Aeneid  <5.  309-312.  161  ff.  Cf. 
Aeneid  6.  306-308.  165  ff.  Cf.  Aeneid  6.  438-439.  167,  168. 
intima  Leti  Tartara  :  the  inmost  prison  cells  of  death.  crinibus: 
dative.  anguis:  accusative  of  specification.  169.  Eumenides  : 
the  Furies,  deities  who  punish  crime ;  even  they  are  moved  by 
Orpheus'  song.  Cerberus  :  the  three-headed  dog  at  the  entrance  of 
Hades  who  kept  the  spirits  from  escaping.  171.  Ixion,  for  an 
attempt  upon  the  chastity  of  Juno,  was  bound  to  an  ever-revolving 
wheel.  vento:  ablative  of  cause.  The  logic  is  loose  ;  because  of 


72  VERGIL. 

the  wind's  stopping.  173.  pone :  adverb.  Cf.  Aeneid,  2.  208. 
177.  animi :  locative  genitive,  B.  232,  3  ;  A.  &  G.  358.  179.  stag- 
nis  :  ablat.ive  of  source.  182.  natantia  :  swimming.  188.  prae- 
terea  vidit:  saw  him  more,  praeterea  here  equalling  posted. 
192.  nabat :  was  sailing.  194.  Strymonis :  a  river  on  the 
borders  of  Thrace.  196.  agentem:  that  trees  followed  the  music 
of  Orpheus  became  one  of  the  commonplaces  of  poetry.  197-201. 
Notice  the  sweetness  of  sound  due  to  the  alliteration,  especially  of 
the  liquids.  202.  hymenaei :  nuptials.  203.  Hyperboreas  : 
Hyperborean,  i.e.  northern,  lit.  beyond  the  north  wind.  Tanaim: 
now  the  Don,  a  river  named  here,  as  are  the  Rhipaei  mantes  of  the 
following  line,  because  belonging  to  the  cold,  distant,  desolate  North. 
204.  numquam  viduata :  never  bereaved,  with  a  thought  of  the 
bereaved  Orpheus.  The  setting  corresponds  to  the  situation.  The 
grim  landscape  is  forever  wedded  to  its  desolation  as  Orpheus  to  his 
bereavement.  206.  Ciconum :  a  Thracian  people,  munere : 
tribute  to  the  dead.  The  word  is  used  technically  of  funeral  honors. 
206-213.  Cf.  Lycidas,  61-63  : 

By  the  rout  that  made  the  hideous  roar 
His  gory  visage 'down  the  stream  was  sent, 
Down  the  swift  Hebrus  to  the  Lesbian  shore. 

210.  Oeagrius :  Oeagrus  was  a  king  of  Thrace  and  father  of 
Orpheus.  213.  referebant:  echoed  with.  Cf.  Pope,  Ode  on  St. 
Cecilia's  Day,  113-116 : 

Yet  ev'n  in  death  Eurydice  he  sung, 
Eurydice  still  trembled  on  his  tongue, 
Eurydice  the  woods,  Eurydice  the  floods, 
Eurydice  the  rocks,  and  hollow  mountains  rung. 

214.  iactudedit:  i.e.  iecit.  219.  choros  .  .  .  agitabat :  used 
to  dance.  Agito  means  to  occupy  oneself  with,  as  Plautus,  Asinaria, 
5.  1.  7.  221.  Napaeas  :  Dell-nymphs,  Greek  vairaiai,  belonging  to 
a  wooded  vale.  225.  Lycaei :  a  mountain  of  Arcadia.  234.  faces- 
sit:  he  despatches.  235-239.  The  repetitions  from  224-232  are 
in  the  Homeric  manner.  241  ff.  The  bees  are  thought  to  form 
within  the  bodies  and  to  force  their  way  through  the  yielding  sides. 
244.  uvam  demittere  :  to  let  fall  a  cluster.  The  cluster  formed  by 
the  bees  when  they  alight  in  swarming  resembles  a  bunch  of  grapes. 


PHAEDRUS.  73 

V.  PHAEDRUS. 

Flourished  about  15  A.D. 

Phaedrus,  born  in  Thrace,  came  to  Rome  as  a  slave,  and  was  set 
free  by  Augustus.  Under  Tiberius  he  was  the  victim  of  political  per- 
secution on  account  of  some  verses  offensive  to  Sejanus.  He  published 
five  books  of  fables  (with  occasional  anecdotes)  largely  imitated  from 
Aesop. 

His  style  is  fluent,  his  tone  lively  and  sometimes  coarse,  his  diction 
correct,  his  verse  skilful. — Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of 
Roman  Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  30. 

For  Reference  :  Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of  Roman 
Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  29  ff. 

Metre:  Iambic  Trimeter,  B.  370,  1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  618,  a,  b. 

1.  Aesopus:    a  famous  writer  of  fables,  born  in  Phrygia  about 
600  B.C.     He  is  said  to  have  been  liberated  from  slavery,  to  have  lived 
at  Sardis  and  to  have  been  Croesus'  ambassador  to  Delphi,  where  he 
was  murdered  by  the  angry  townspeople,  who  hurled  him  over  a  preci- 
pice.    Babrius,  a  Greek  who  lived  about  100  B.C.,  made  a  comprehen- 
sive collection   of  Aesopian  fables  which    Phaedrus    imitated   with 
considerable  closeness.        5-7.    '  Let  no  one  censure  me  for  repre- 
senting trees  as  speaking  ;  it  is  merely  the  play  of  fancy  and  a  fable.' 

2.  4.  latro  :   the  robber  wolf.        7.  Qui:   how?     Qui  is  the  old 

ablative  of  the  relative,  interrogative,  and  indefinite  pronouns. 

4.  1.    devocat :    allures.          3.   Tanto  .   .  .    melior :    'That  is 
good!1     See  Lex. under  tantus,  I,  C,  3,  a,  b.        4.  prosecutus:  and 
went  on  to  say.     See  Lex.  under  prosequor,  II,  B.         5.  unde  :  equiva- 
lenttoaQ'Mo.      7.  dignum  ft.  :  with  a  double  meaning.     10.  namque  : 
for,  a  strengthened  nam. 

5.  This  story  is  also  told  by  Cicero,  De  Oratore,  2.  352  ff.,  and  by 
others.    1,  2.  Quantum  .  .  .  superius  :  an  earlier  fable  (4.  23)  re- 
lates how  Simonides,  shipwrecked  and  destitute,  was  received  most 
hospitably  by  one  of  his  admirers.         4.  Simonides :  the  renowned 
Greek  lyric  poet  of  Ceos.     His  ode  upon  those  who  fell  at  Thermopylae 
was  especially  famous.     Sterling  translates  : 


74  PHAEDRUS. 

Of  those  who  at  Thermopylae  were  slain, 

Glorious  the  doom,  and  beautiful  the  lot ; 

Their  tomb  an  altar  :  men  from  tears  refrain 

To  honor  them  ;  and  praise,  but  mourn  them  not. 

Such  sepulchre  nor  drear  decay 

Nor  all-destroying  time  shall  waste  ;  this  right  have  they. 

Within  their  grave  the  home-bred  glory 

Of  Greece  was  laid  ;  this  witness  gives 

Leonidas,  the  Spartan,  in  whose  story 

A  wreath  qf  famous  virtue  ever  lives. 

5.  pyctae  :  a  word  borrowed  directly  from  the  Greek.        8.  poetae 
more :  poets  who  wrote  odes  in  honor  of  victories  at  the  games  usually 
inserted  some  legend  containing  an  account  of  a  similar  victory  won  by 
a  god  or  a  hero.         9.  gemina  Ledae  pignera  :  Castor  and  Pollux, 
the  latter  famous  as  a  boxer.       pignera  :  see  Lex.  II,  B,  1.        10.  auc- 
toritatem  .  .  .  gloriae  :  citing  the  authority  of  a  like  glory.        11, 
12.  tertiam  partem :   only  a  third.         13.    duae :  sc.  partes,  two- 
thirds.        24.  humanam  supra  formam  :  the  gods  and  heroes  were 
'divinely    tall.'       The    diminutive    servulo    is    in    strong    contrast. 
31.  Ut  .  .  .  rei  :   When  the  incident  was  told  just  as  it  occurred. 

Another  story  of  divine  interposition  on  the  part  of  Castor  and 
Pollux  is  vividly  told  by  Macaulay  in  The  Battle  of  Lake  Eegillus. 

6.  Compare  with  Vergil's  account  of  the  oracle  given  by  the  Sibyl 
to  Aeneas,  Aeneid,  6.  9  ff.     Some  of  the  more  obvious  resemblances  in 
diction  and  thought  are  Aeneid,  6.  12,  29,  35,  44,  45,  46  ff.,  50,  95, 
98,  99,  100. ' 

1.  Utilius  :  equalling  a  superlative,  of  highest  value.  2.  qui  ff. : 
Delphi  was  a  city  in  north  central  Greece  and  Parnassus  a  mountain 
near  it.  4.  tripodes :  this  probably  means  the  golden  seat  above 
the  cleft  in  the  ground  in  the  adytum  of  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphi. 
On  this  the  priestess  (vates,  1.  3  ;  virgo,  1.  16)  sat  to  breathe  the  ris- 
ing vapors  which  induced  the  prophetic  ecstasy.  The  tripus  is  named 
from  being  supported  on  three  legs.  adytis  :  from  ti.dvrov,  '  not  to  be 
entered.'  The  adyta,  or  innermost  parts  of  temples,  were  accessible 
only  to  priests.  5.  lauri :  the  laurel  was  sacred  to  Apollo. 
6.  Pytho  :  the  former  name  for  Delphi.  Pytho  is  poetically  said  to 
speak  when  the  Pythian  priestess  speaks.  7.  Delii  :  Delos,  an 


SENECA.  75 

island  of  the  Aegean,  nearly  at  the  centre  of  the  Cyclades,  was  sacred 
to  Apollo,  and  was  his  birthplace.        12.  ite  obviam  :  oppose. 

7.  Plutarch,  Symposiacon  Problematon,  V.  1  (Moralia,  674  B,  C), 
tells  essentially  this  same  story.  Parnaeno,  he  says,  was  famous  for 
his  imitation  of  the  grunting  of  a  pig.  Even  when  one  came  upon  the 
stage  having  a  real  pig  concealed  under  his  cloak,  the  audience  cried, 
'  This  is  nothing  to  compare  with  the  sow  of  Parmeuo.'  Then  he  who 
had  the  pig  threw  it  in  the  midst  of  them,  '  to  show  that  they  judged 
according  to  opinion  and  not  truth.' 

1.  Pravo  favore  :  prejudice.  labi  :  the  metaphor  is  in  evident 
contrast  to  that  in  stant  of  1.  2.  2.  pro  iudicio  .  .  .  erroris :  in 
defence  of  their  mistaken  judgment.  3.  rebus  manifestos  :  the 
disclosure  of  the  truth.  4.  Facturus  ludos  :  who  was  about  to  give 
an  entertainment.  8.  scurra :  a  city  wit.  urbano  sale  :  clever 
jesting,  merry  cleverness.  The  Romans  sharply  contrasted  city  man- 
ners with  those  of  the  country  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  latter. 
12.  loca  :  seats.  18.  verum  :  sc.  porcellum.  pallio  :  mantle  or 
toga.  19.  simul :  equals  simul  ac.  21.  prosequuntur  :  honor. 
27.  degrunnit :  grunts  his  best.  30.  scilicet :  to  be  sure. 
32.  vero  :  sc.  porcello.  35.  imitatum  :  sc.  esse. 

VI.   SENECA. 

3  B.C. -66  A.D. 

Seneca  the  Younger,  or  'the  Philosopher,'  was  born  in  Spain  at 
Corduba  ;  was  educated  at  Rome  ;  was  banished  in  41  A.D.  to  Corsica 
by  Claudius  ;  was  recalled  in  49  ;  became  Nero's  tutor  ;  largely  deserves 
the  credit  for  the  good  government  of  the  early  part  of  that  emperor's 
reign  ;  was  consul  in  57,  but  lost  influence  with  Nero,  and  was  com- 
pelled by  him  to  commit  suicide  on  a  charge  of  participation  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Piso. 

His  writings  are  chiefly  philosophical  and  ethical.  The  frequent 
close  resemblance  of  his  views  to  those  of  Christianity  occasioned  the 
fabrication  of  a  correspondence  between  himself  and  St.  Paul.  St. 
Jerome  considered  this  genuine  and  therefore  included  him  among  the 
Christian  saints. 

Nine  tragedies  of  Seneca's  composition  are  extant.  These  have 
powerfully  influenced  the  development  of  the  English  and  French 
drama.) 


76  SENECA. 

His  style  is  forced  and  ornamental,  moving,  for  the  most  part,  in 
brief,  disconnected,  and  often  paradoxical  sentences. 

For  Reference :  Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of  Roman 
Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  38  ff. ;  Leo,  L.  Annaei  Senecae  Tragoediae 
(Berlin,  1878-1879)  ;  Sherburne's  Tragedies  of  Seneca  Translated 
(London,  1702)  ;  Kingery,  Three  Tragedies  of  Seneca  (New  York, 
1908)  ;  Harris,  The  Tragedies  of  Seneca  Translated  (The  Clarendon 
Press,  1904). 

Metres:   Anapaestic  Dimeter  Acatalectic  with  Anapaestic  Dipody, 

G.  &  L.  777,  780,  782 :  Selection  1. 
Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615  :  Selection  2. 

1.  Cf.  Horace,  Carmen,  1.  3.  9-40.  1.  Audax :  cf .  11.  24,  39. 
nimium:  cf.  1.  8.  7,8.  With  too  slight  a  partition  dividing  the  ways 
of  life  and  death,  i.e.  separating  from  himself  by  merely  a  thin  plank 
the  sea  in  which  he  would  perish.  Cf.  Juvenal,  12.  57-59.  Line  7 
nearly  equals  inter  vitam  et  mortem.  18.  Hyadas:  a  group  of 
seven  stars  in  the  head  of  Taurus,  whose  setting  at  both  the  morning 
and  the  evening  twilight  was  attended  with  storms.  19.  Oleniae 
.  .  .  caprae :  one  of  the  horns  of  the  goat  Amalthea,  which  fed  Jupi- 
ter with  its  milk,  was  placed  among  the  stars.  The  goat  was  Olenian, 
i.e.  Aetolian.  21.  Attica  plaustra :  Charles'  Wain  (the  Great 
Dipper),  which  Bootes  was  imagined  to  drive.  The  latter  constella- 
tion is  called  tardus  as  being  so  placed  in  the  sky  that  it  requires  a 
long  time  for  its  setting.  24.  Tiphys :  the  pilot  of  the  Argo. 
28.  Thessala  pinus :  the  Argo,  the  first  ship,  which,  built  under  the 
direction  of  Pallas,  with  Jason  as  leader  and  heroes  like  Hercules, 
Castor,  and  Pollux  as  crew,  sailed  to  Colchis  in  the  Far  East  in  quest 
of  the  Golden  Fleece  (which  perhaps  originally  meant  the  fleecy, 
golden  clouds  of  sunrise).  The  Sirens,  Scylla,  and  the  Symplegades 
were  some  of  the  dangers  of  the  journey.  Medea,  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Colchis,  aided  Jason  to  secure  the  fleece  and  fled  with  him. 
See  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythology, 
'  Argonautae.'  32.  ilia:  the  Argo.  34.  montes :  the  Sym- 
plegades, floating  rocks  at  the  entrance  'Of  the  Euxine,  which  clashed 
together  to  crush  whatever  might  come  between  them.  36.  velut 
.  .  .  sonitu :  groaned  as  with  ethereal  sound,  i.e.  dashed  together 
with  a  sound  like  thunder.  38.  mare  deprensum  :  the  sea  caught 


SENECA.  77 

between  and  forced  up  by  the  closing  rocks.  42.  In  the  prow  of  the 
Argo  was  a  piece  of  the  speaking  oak  of  Dodona.  43.  virgo  Pelori  : 
Scylla.  45.  omnes  .  .  .  hiatus :  opened  all  her  mouths  together. 
48.  dirae  pestes :  the  Sirens,  maidens  who  by  sweet  songs  lured 
sailors  to  their  shore  and  devoured  them.  Orpheus  saved  his  compan- 
ions by  drowning  the  Sirens'  song  with  the  music  of  his  lyre. 

These  stories  are  told  in  Odyssey,  12,  in  Apollonius  Rhodius, 
4.  889  ff.,  and  (in  English)  in  Charles  Kingsley's  Greek  Heroes. 

55.  Medea,  abandoned  by  Jason  for  Creusa,  in  the  later  action  of 
this  play  slays  her  rival  and  her  own  children.  68-72.  Thule  :  a 
distant  island  not  identified,  —  possibly  Iceland,  more  probably  the 
largest  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  —  regarded  by  the  ancients  as  the 
northern  limit  of  the  known  world. 

Seneca,  considering  the  progress  of  maritime  discovery  in  the  past, 
was  led  naturally  to  the  thought  that  new  lands  would  some  day  be 
discovered  beyond  the  ocean.  The  conception  was  not  new.  Cicero, 
Tusculanae  Disputationes,  1.  28,  speaks  of  a  south  temperate  zone, 
cultivated  and  inhabited,  unknown  to  us.  This,  of  course,  is  not  neces- 
sarily beyond  the  sea,  though  Mela  places  it  there.  Cicero  again  in 
De  liepublica,  6.  20  implies  that  there  are  other  islands  than  the 
Roman  world  surrounded  by  other  seas  than  the  Atlantic.  Plato, 
Timaeus,  24-25,  says  that  beyond  and  surrounding  the  Atlantic  there 
is  a  vast  continent,  between  which  and  the  western  coast  of  Europe 
and  of  Libya  are  a  number  of  islands,  of  which  Atlantis  before  its 
submergence  was  the  largest.  Strabo,  1.  4.  6,  says  it  is  quite  possible 
that  in  the  temperate  zone  there  may  be  not  only  the  island  that 
forms  the  world  as  known  to  his  contemporaries,  but  two  such  or  even 
more,  especially  near  the  circle  of  latitude  which  is  drawn  through 
Athens  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  See  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Geography,  '  Atlanticum  mare'  and  '  Atlantis.' 

Lowell,  in  his  Columbus,  represents  the  discoverer  as  naming  this 
passage, — said  also  by  tradition  to  have  made  a  deep  impression  on 
his  mind,  —  along  with  Canto  XXVI  of  Dante's  Inferno  and  Plato's 
Timaeus  and  Critias,  as  inspiring  him  to  his  attempt : 

Then  did  I  entertain  the  poets'  song, 
My  great  Idea's  guest,  and,  passing  o'er 
That  iron  bridge  the  Tuscan  built  to  hell, 
I  heard  Ulysses  tell  of  mountain-chains 


78  SENECA. 

Whose  adamantine  links,  his  manacles, 

The  western  main  shook  growling  and  still  gnawed. 

I  brooded  on  the  wise  Athenian's  tale 

Of  happy  Atlantis,  and  heard  Bjorne's  keel 

Crush  the  gray  pebbles  of  the  Vinland  shore  : 

/  listened  musing  to  the  prophecy 

Of  Nero1  s  tutor-victim  .  .  . 

And  I  believed  the  poets. 

The  son  of  the  discoverer  wrote  in  his  copy  of  the  tragedies  oppo- 
site these  lines,  — '  This  prophecy  was  fulfilled  by  my  father,  the 
Admiral  Christopher  Columbus,  in  the  year  1492.' 

2.  Agamemnon  returns  to  Argos  after  the  capture  of  Troy,  his  wife 
Clytemnestra  expressing  deep  joy  at  his  return.  He  has  brought  with 
him  as  a  captive  Cassandra  the  seer  who,  suddenly  swooning,  sees 
in  prophetic  frenzy  Agamemnon's  death  and  her  own  at  the  hand  of 
Clytemnestra  and  her  paramour,  Aegistheus.  Agamemnon  worships 
Jupiter  and  Juno  at  the  altar  and  then  enters  the  palace  to  his  death. 

1,  2.  Tandem  .  .  .  terra.  Cf.  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  503  ff., 
810  ff.  laris :  Roman  coloring.  3.  diu  :  taken  with  felix. 

4.  Asiae  :  objective  genitive,  after  potentes,  B.  204,  1 ;  A.  &  G.  349,  a. 

5.  vates :     Cassandra.          corpus  :     accusative    of     specification. 
7.   recipit  diem:   i.e.  revives.          9.    optatus  ff. :   with  a  double 
meaning  to  the  audience.        10.    Festus  ff. :  Troy  fell  immediately 
after  the  festivities  that  celebrated  the  withdrawal  of  the  Greek  fleet. 
Cf.  Aeneid,  2.  246  ff.         11.    Cecidit  ff.  :  for  the  death  of  Priam 
cf.  Aeneid,  2.  506  ff.         13.    Priamum :  King  Agamemnon's  fate  is 
to  be  such  as  King  Priam's.     Priam  was  slain  at  the  altar,  and  these 
altars  (aras,  1.  11)  awaken  forebodings.         14.    Ubi  ff. :  where  faith- 
less wives  are,  is  calamity.        15.    Libertas  :  the  freedom  of  death. 
19.    dum  excutiat  deum  :  until  she  casts  off  the  influence  of  Aprllo 
who  has  thrown  her  into  the  prophetic  frenzy.         21.    pater  :  Jupi- 
ter.    24.   cuncta  :  accusative  of  specification.    25.    Argolica  luno  : 
Hera  had  a  famous  shrine  at  Argos.     For  an  account  of  excavations 
there   see  Waldstein,    The   Argive    Heraeum.         26.    Arabumque 
donis  :  incense.         supplies  fibra  :  the  entrails  of  the  sacrificed  ani- 
mals (pecore  votivo),  whose  condition  was  supposed  to  indicate  the 
will  of  the  gods. 


LUC  AN.  79 

VII.    LUCAN. 
39-65  A.D. 

Lucan,  full  of  warmth  and  vehemence,  eminently  quotable,  but, 
to  speak  frankly,  one  whom  orators  rather  than  poets  should  imitate 


—  Quintilian,  10.  1.  90.} 

When  I  consider  that  Lucan  died  at  twenty-six,  I  cannot  help 
ranking  him  among  the  most  extraordinary  men  that  ever  lived.  — 
Macaulay. 

The  whole  production  (the  Pharsalia)  is  youthful  and  unripe,  but 
indicative  of  genuine  power.  —  Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History 
of  Roman  Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  78. 

Lucan  was  born  in  Spain  ;  was  taken  early  to  Rome  ;  was  carefully 
educated  ;  wrote  much  ;  and  was  much  admired  ;  but  was  disliked  by 
Nero,  who  forbade  him  to  publish  poems  or  recite  them,  and  finally 
put  him  to  death  on  the  charge  of  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Piso. 

In  philosophy  Lucan  was  a  Stoic,  in  style  a  rhetorician.  The 
Pharsalia,  his  only  extant  work,  is  an  epic  poem  of  about  eight  thou- 
sand lines  in  ten  books  on  the  civil  war  between  Pompey  and  Caesar. 

The  Cato  of  Selections  2-5  is  Cato  the  Younger,  or  '  the  Stoic,' 
who  in  46  B.C.  was  in  Africa  in  command  of  a  part  of  the  Republican 
forces  opposed  to  Julius  Caesar.  After  the  decisive  defeat  at  Thapsus 
he  refused  to  survive  the  Republic,  taking  his  own  life  at  Utica.  His 
memory  was  revered  throughout  antiquity  and  the  Middle  Ages. 
Vergil  makes  him  the  lawgiver  of  Elysiuin  (Aeneid,  8.  670),  and  Dante 
represents  him  as  the  warden  of  Purgatory,  '  venerable,'  his  counte- 
nance adorned  with  the  '  rays  of  the  four  consecrated  stars,'  his  form 
destined  to  shine  brightly  on  the  last  day. 

For  her  [i.e.  Liberty]  to  thee  not  bitter 
Was  death  in  Utica,  where  thou  didst  leave 
The  vesture,  that  will  shine  so,  the  great  day. 

See  Longfellow's  translation  of  the  Purgatorio,  with  notes,  Canto  I. 

Haskins,  Lucani  Pharsalia,  Introduction,  pp.  59-60,  examines  all 
allusions  to  Cato  in  the  Pharsalia,  and  concludes  that  the  picture  is 
in  its  main  outlines  truthful,  though  the  failure  to  depict  'the  cross- 
grained  perversity  that  moved  the  complaints  of  Cicero  '  makes  it  some- 
what one-sided.  '  Of  course  the  portrait  is  colored  by  a  loving  hand  : 
but  it  is  none  the  worse  for  that.' 


80  LUCAN. 

For  Reference :  Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of  Roman 
Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  78  ff.  Haskins,  Lucani  Pharsalia  (London, 
1889). 

Metre :  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 

2.  4.    dels  placuit :  that  Caesar  '  had  the  strongest  battalions ' 
proves  that  '  Heaven  '  was  '  on  his  side.' 

3.  Cato,    proceeding  by  land  from  the  neighborhood  of  Cyrene 
toward  Numidia,  and  coming  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  — 
geographically  misplaced  by  Lucan,  —  is  advised  by  Labienus  to  con- 
sult the  god  concerning  the  outcome  of  the  war  and  the  nature  of  vir- 
tue.  The  selection  gives  his  reply.        1.    mente  gerebat :  cf .  Seneca, 
Epistula  4.  12  (41).  1,2.      '  God  is  near  you,  is  with  you,  is  within 
you.     I  have  this  to  say,  Lucilius  :  a  sacred  spirit  has  his  abode  within 
us.'         3.   Lablene  :  Caesar's  former  second-in-command,  who  went 
over  to  Pompey's  side  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  and  was 
finally  slain  at  Munda.        5.    et :  even.         6,  7.   Fortuna  perdat 
minas  :    whether  Fortune   threatens  vainly.  8.   et  .  .  .  hones- 
turn  :   and  whether  the   right  never   grows  more  right   by  success. 
10.    Haeremus  ff. :    We  are  in  constant  intercourse  with  heaven.  — 
Haskins.        11.    sponte  del :  by  the  inspiration  of  God.  —  Haskins. 
12,  13.    dixit  .  .  .  licet :  the  inner  light  of  conscience.        auctor  : 
the  Creator.        15-17.   These  lines  suggested  the  passage  in  Words- 
worth's Tintern  Abbey : 

I  have  felt  ...  a  sense  sublime 

Of  something  far  more  deeply  interfused, 

Whose  dwelling  is  the  light  of  setting  suns, 

And  the  round  ocean,  and  the  living  air, 

And  the  blue  sky,  and  in  the  mind  of  man ; 

A  motion  and  a  spirit  that  impels 

All  thinking  things,  all  objects  of  all  thought, 

And  rolls  through  all  things. 

virtus  :  Grotius  quotes  Hierocles  :  '  God  hath  not  upon  earth  a  place 
more  truly  his  than  the  pure  heart,'  and  the  Pythian  oracle  :  '  I  joy 
in  reverent  mortals  even  as  in  Olympus.'  Superos  .  .  .  ultra  : 
Why  further  do  we  seek  the  gods?  luppiter  .  .  .  moveris :  All 
that  you  see,  and  all  your  feelings,  that  is  Jupiter.  —  Haskius.  Cf. 
Seneca,  De  Beneficiis,  4.  8 :  Quocumque  te  flexeris,  ibi  ilium  videbis 


STATIUS.  81 

occurrentem  tibi :  nihil  ab  illo  vacat,  opus  suum  ipse  implet. 
22.  servata  tide:  true  to  his  word.  23.  populis :  dative,  to  the 
multitude,  i.e.  of  Orientals  waiting  to  consult  the  oracle. 

4.  10.   Fortuna  fuit :  i.e.  was  due  to  fortune  rather  than  to  virtue. 
Fortuna  is  predicate  nominative.         14.    quam  .  .  .  lugurthae  : 
i.e.  than  to  win  the  victories  of  Marius. 

5.  This  noble  portrait  is  that  of  an  ideal  Stoic.     Roman  life  had 
been  deeply  imbued  with  this  philosophy,  which  had  passed  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  schools  to  become  at  once  a  religious  creed  and  a 
practical  code  of  morals  for  everyday  use.     See  Mackail,  Latin  Litera- 
ture, p.  171.        2.  servare  .  .  .  tenere:  to  hold  fast  the  mean,  to 
observe  the  due  limit.     These  and  the  following  phrases  are   Stoic 
formulae.        4.  Cf.  Seneca,  Epistula  95  (15.3).  52-53,  where  he  says 
'we  are  members  of  a  great  body.'     'Let  this  line  be  both  in  our 
hearts  and  on  our  lips  : 

"Human  I  am, 
And  every  human  interest  is  mine."  ' 

See  the  entire  passage.        12.  sibi  nata  :  selfish. 

VIII.    STATIUS. 
40-95  A.D. 

Statius,  whose  father  before  him  was  a  poet,  was  born  at  Naples. 
His  works  consist  of  the  Thebais,  an  epic  in  imitation  of  the  Aeneid 
and  having  for  its  subject  the  story  of  the  Seven  against  Thebes  ;  the 
Achilleis,  intended  to  celebrate  the  deeds  of  Achilles,  but  never  com- 
pleted ;  and  the  Silvae,  a  collection  of  thirty-one  miscellaneous  poems, 
of  which  our  selection  is  one. 

For  Reference  :  Fr.  Vollmer,  Silvae,  Leipzig,  1898. 
Metre  :  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 

1.  1.  placidissime  divum :  cf.  Statius,  Thebais,  10.  126,  127 : 
mitissime  divum,  Somne ;  Ovid,  11.623-625: 

Somne,  quies  rerum,  placidissime  Somne  deorum, 
pax  animi,  quern  curafugit,  qui  corda  diurnis 
fessa  ministeriis  mulces  reparasque  labori ; 


82  STATIUS. 

and  Shakspere,  Macbeth,  II.  2.  37  ff. : 

Sleep  that  knits  up  the  ravelled  sleave  of  care, 

The  death  of  each  day's  life,  sore  labour's  bath,  .  .  . 

Chief  riourisher  in  life's  feast. 

4.  simulant  .  .  .  somnos  :  rounded  tree-tops  take  the  semblance  of 
tired  sleep,  cacumina  might  mean  mountain  tops,  but  the  parallelism 
of  the  passage  with  Aeneid,  4.  522-528  favors  the  interpretation  as 
tree-tops.  The  trees,  their  rounded  outline  no  longer  broken  by  the 
winds,  seem  to  sleep  as  if  exhausted  by  their  tossing.  6.  terris 
.  .  .  adclinata  :  we  are  reminded  of  those  Elgin  marbles  which  repre- 
sent Thalassa,  the  personified  sea,  as  resting  in  the  lap  of  Gaea,  the 
personified  land.  Cf.  with  lines  3-7  Goethe,  Wanderer's  Nachtlied, 
1-6  :  '  liber  alien  Gipfeln  1st  Ruh,  In  alien  Wipfeln  Spiirest  du  Kaum 
einen  Hauch ;  Die  Vogelein  schweigen  im  Walde.'  7.  Septima 
.  .  .  Phoebe :  the  seventh  moon-lit  night.  8,  9.  totidem  .  .  . 
lampades  :  a  second  expression  of  the  thought  that  it  is  the  seventh 
night  since  he  has  slept.  Oetaeae  Paphiaeque  :  the  planet  Venus 
is  called  Oetaean  since  poetical  tradition  pictures  it  as  shining  from 
above  Oeta,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly  ;  and  Paphian  because  the  god- 
dess Venus,  whose  star  it  is,  was  worshipped  with  especial  devotion  at 
Paphos  in  Cyprus.  lampades  :  each  nightly  appearance  of  the  star 
is  poetically  thought  of  as  the  kindling  of  a  new  torch.  Tithonia: 
Aurora,  the  dawn,  wife  of  Tithonus,  to  whom  she  had  been  able  to 
give  immortality,  but  not  eternal  youth.  She  is  thought  of  as  sprin- 
kling the  dew  from  the  lash  with  which  she  drives  her  chariot  team. 
13.  Argus :  lo's  thousand-eyed  custodian,  who  was  sacer,  devoted 
to  death,  since  he  was  doomed  to  be  slain  by  Hermes,  her  liberator. 
18.  leviter  .  .  .  transi :  pass  lightly  hovering  above  me. 

Wordsworth's  three  sonnets  To  Sleep  should  all  be  compared.  The 
best  is  as  follows : 

A  flock  of  sheep  that  leisurely  pass  by, 
One  after  one  ;  the  sound  of  rain  and  bees 
Murmuring  ;  the  fall  of  rivers,  winds,  and  seas, 
Smooth  fields,  white  sheets  of  water  and  pure  sky  ; 
I  have  thought  of  all  by  turns  and  still  do  lie 
Sleepless  !  and  soon  the  small  birds'  melodies 
Must  hear,  first  uttered  from  my  orchard  trees  ; 
And  the  first  cuckoo's  melancholy  cry. 


MARTIAL.  83 

Even  thus  last  night  and  two  nights  more  I  lay, 
And  could  not  win  thee,  Sleep,  by  any  stealth  ; 
So  do  not  let  me  wear  to-night  away  : 
Without  thee  what  is  all  the  morning's  wealth  ? 
Come,  blessed  barrier  between  day  and  day, 
Dear  mother  of  fresh  thoughts  and  joyous  health  ! 

IX.    MARTIAL. 
43-104  A.  D. 

He  was  a  man  of  genius,  of  quick  intelligence  and  vivacity,  with  a 
great  deal  of  wit  and  pungency  in  his  writings,  and  at  the  same  time 
great  candour.  — Pliny,  Epistula  3.  21  (Sellar's  translation). 

Martial  was  born  at  Bilbilis  in  Spain.  At  twenty-three  years  of  age 
he  came  to  Rome,  where  he  resided  for  thirty-five  years  in  limited  cir- 
cumstances, returning  to  his  birthplace  three  years  before  his  death. 

He  composed  fourteen  books  of  Epigrams. 

As  a  man  he  was  social  and  popular.  As  a  writer  he  was  eminently 
sincere  (except  when  playing  the  courtier),  natural,  and  witty.  He 
had  no  equal  among  the  poets  of  his  time  as  a  lifelike  painter  of  the 
actual  world  of  his  day. 

For  Reference  :  Sellar  and  Ramsay,  Extracts  from  Martial  (Edin- 
burgh, 1884),  Introduction;  Teuffel,  Schwabe,  and  Warr,  History  of 
Roman  Literature,  vol.  2,  p.  121  ff.  ;  Friedlander,  Martialis  Epigram- 
maton  Libri  (Leipzig,  1886)  ;  Paley  and  Stone,  Select  Epigrams  from 
Martial  (London,  1881). 

Metres  :  Choliambic,  A.  &  G.  618,  a,  6,  c  :  Selections  4,  12. 

Phalaecian,  A.  &  G.  623,  624, 625.  11 :  Selections  1,  5,  7,  11. 
Elegiac,  B.  369, 1,  2  ;  A.  &  G.  616  :  Selections?.,  3,  8,  9, 10, 13. 

1.  5.  tu :  the  attorney  who  is  conducting  Martial's  case.  6.  periu- 
ria  ff.  :  to  a  Roman  the  name  of  Carthaginian  (Punicus)  was  a 
synonym  for  treachery.  7.  Muciosque  :  Mucius,  when  captured  in 
an  attempt  to  assassinate  King  Porsena,  showed  his  insensibility  to 
threats  by  voluntarily  holding  his  hand  in  the  flame  of  an  altar.  Livy, 
2.  12.  The  plurals  in  this  line  may  be  rendered  by  Sullas,  Mariuses,  etc. 

4.  Bassus  is  met  at  various  points  on  the  Appian  Way  farther  and 
farther  out  from  Rome.  1.  pluit :  because  of  the  leaky  aqueduct 


84  MARTIAL. 

above.  2.  Phrygium  .  .  .  ferrum  :  the  priests  of  Cybele  washed 
their  knives  in  the  Almo,  a  branch  of  the  Tiber  near  Rome.  3.  Hora- 
tiorum  .  .  .  campus  :  the  traditional  scene  of  the  combat  between 
the  Horatii  and  Curiatii.  4.  pusilli :  the  statue  is  small.  fervet: 
is  alive  with  worshippers.  10.  coronam :  hoop.  12.  nondum 
victa  faba:  too  young  yet  to  crunch  the  bean.  15.  Immo  :  No 
indeed  ! 

5.  2.  sed  .  .  .  fenestra  :  window-gardens  were  common  in  Rome. 

4.  nemus  Dianae :  i.e.  a  forest  of  'big  timber.'        7.  corona:  not 
understood.        16.  BUS  Calydonius  :  the  type  of  a  huge  and  ferocious 
wild  animal.          17.  ungue  Prognes  :  the  talon  of  Progne,  i.e.  of 
the  swallow.     For  myth  see  Harper's  Classical  Dictionary,  '  Tereus.' 
20.  et  .  .  .  picata  :  a  nut  will  take  the  place  of  the  pitch- bedaubed 
dolium.        22,  23.  praedium  .  .  .  prandium :  lands  ...  a  lunch. 

6.  To  a  friend  who  has  long  been  saying  that  to-morrow  he  will 
change  it  all  and  really  live.        4.  In  the  Orient,  the  region  of  the 
sunrise,    is  where  that    happy  to-morrow  is  hiding,   if    anywhere. 

5.  These  two  are  types  of  longevity. 

7.  4.  focus  perennis  :  a  kitchen  fire  never  idle.        5.  togarara: 
a  dress  suit  seldom.     The  toga  was  connected  with  burdensome  duties, 
as  with  the  service   of  client  to  patron.        6.  vires  ingenuae :   a 
gentleman's  measure  of  strength.        10.    torus  :  wife.        12.  quod 
.  .  .  mails  :  Martial's  principle  in  life,  '  to  be  yourself  and  not  strive 
to  be  somebody  else.' 

8.  The  eruption  is  that  of  79  A.D.,  which  destroyed  Herculaneum 
and  Pompeii.     Epistles  6.  16  and  6.  20  of  the  younger  Pliny,  and  the 
final  chapters  of  Bulwer-Lytton's  Last  Days  of  Pompeii  may  be  read 
in  this  connection.        1.  modo  :  but  now.        2.   presserat  lacus  : 
had  filled  the  vats.        3.  Nysae  :  a  mountain  in  India  where,  accord- 
ing to  the  myth,  Bacchus  was  born.        5.  Veneris  sedes  :   Venus 
was  the  protecting  deity  of  Pompeii.         6.   Herculaneum  was  named 
from  and  protected  by  Hercules.         7.  mersa  favilla  :  Pliny,  writ- 
ing of  the  eruption,  says,  Epistula  6.  20.  18,  '  Everything  was  covered 
with  deep  ashes  as  with  snow.'        8.  nee  .  .  .  sibi:  and  the  gods 
could  wish  they  had  not  been  permitted  this. 

9.  When  Brutus,  the  slayer  of  Caesar,  committed  suicide  after 
the  defeat  at  Philippi,  his  wife  Porcia  also  took  her  own  life.     The 


MARTIAL.  85 

common  story  was  that  her  friends,  suspecting  her  design,  removed 
all  weapons  out  of  her  way,  and  that  she  thereupon  destroyed  herself 
by  swallowing  live  coals.  The  real  fact  may  have  been  that  she  suffo- 
cated herself  by  the  vapor  of  a  charcoal  stove,  —  a  common  method 
of  suicide  with  the  Romans.  4.  fatis  :  by  his  death.  pattern  : 
Cato  the  Younger,  who  slew  himself  at  Utica  after  the  disastrous 
battle  at  Thapsus.  6.  ferrum  :  emphatic. 

10.  1.  Arria:  the  wife  of  Caecina  Paetus.      In  42  A.D.,  on  the 

charge  of  conspiracy  against  the  government,  Paetus  was  ordered  by 
the  Emperor  Claudius  to  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  When  he  hesi- 
tated, Arria  stabbed  herself  and  handed  him  the  dagger,  saying,  Paete, 
non  dolet. 

Pliny,  Epistula  3.  16.  6,  says  of  her  conduct  on  another  occasion 
when,  fearing  the  effect  of  the  news  on  her  husband,  then  dangerously 
ill,  she  concealed  from  him  the  death  of  their  son  : 

Glorious  indeed  that  act  of  hers,  to  bare  the  steel,  to  thrust  her 
bosom  through,  to  draw  the  dagger  forth,  to  hand  it  to  her  husband, 
to  add  words  immortal  and  almost  divine,  '  Paetus,  I  feel  no  pain  ! ' 
But,  doing  this  and  saying  this,  glory  and  eternal  fame  were  in  her 
thought.  How  much  greater  is  it,  without  the  prize  of  fame,  without 
the  prize  of  glory,  to  hide  the  tears,  conceal  the  grief,  and,  bereaved 
of  a  son,  still  to  act  the  mother  !  4.  sed  .  .  .  dolet :  i.e.  it  is 
your  wound  that  will  give  me  pain. 

11.  1.  Flaminiam :  sc.  viam.       2.  noli  .  .  .  marmor:  the  roads 
leading  out  from  Rome  were  lined  with  tombs.        3.   salesque  Nili : 
Paris  appears   to  have  been  an  Egyptian.        6.   omnes  Veneres 
Cupidinesque :     imitation    of    Catullus,     3.    1     (Selection    3.    1). 
7.   Paris  :  a  popular  Roman  actor,  put  to  death  by  Domitian. 

12.  This  and  the  following  selection  are  in  memory  of  a  child  whose 
parents   were  slaves  on   Martial's  estate.          1.    senibus  cygnis  : 
'  swans  sing  sweetest  when  they  die.'     Notice  that  all  the  objects  with 
which  Erotion  is  compared  in  lines  1-6  are  white.     Martial  is  thinking 
of  the  whiteness  of  her  complexion,  a  quality  admired  by  the  Romans. 
2.   The  Tarentine  wool  was  highly  prized.         4.    lapillos  :  pearls. 
5.   dentem  :  tusk.        7.   Baetici  gregis  :  the  flocks  on  the  Guadal- 
quivir whose  wool  was  naturally  of  a  yellowish  color.        8.    Rhenique 
nodos  :  the  hair  of  the  Germans  gathered  into  a  club.     Erotion's  hair 


86  MARTIAL. 

was  the  light  flaxen  of  the  Teutonic  type.  9.  Paesti :  a  city  in 
Lucania,  celebrated  for  its  twice-blowing  roses,  — Vergil,  Georgics,  4. 
119,  biferi  rosaria  Paesti.  10.  Atticarum  cerarum  :  Attica  — 
and  particularly  Mt.  Hymettus  —  was  famous  for  its  honey.  11. 
Martial  several  times  refers  to  the  agreeable  odor  of  amber  when 
warmed  by  holding  or  rubbing  with  the  hand.  13.  sciurus  :  de- 
rived from  Greek  a-Kid  and  otpd,  lit.  '  the  shadow-tail.'  Our  word 
'  squirrel '  comes  through  the  Late  Latin  diminutive  forms,  scuriolus, 
squirolus,  squirelus.  19.  pariter  :  in  like  manner  with  myself. 
20.  vernulae  :  contrasted  with  nobilem  of  line  22.  23.  Quidesse 
fortius  potest :  Can  any  one  display  more  fortitude?  24.  Ducen- 
ties  :  lit.  20,000,000  sesterces,  here  of  indefinite  value. 

13.  Martial  at  the  tomb  which  has  just  received  Erotion's  ashes 
appeals  to  his  dead  parents  to  keep  the  child  from  fear  at  sight  of  the 
'  black  spectres '  and  monstrous  Cerberus.  2.  oscula  :  in  apposi- 
tion to  puellam.  5.  modo:  just.  In  six  days  she  would  have  been 
six  years  old.  7.  patronos  :  protectors,  i.e.  Fronto  and  Flacilla. 
9,10.  nee  .  .  .  fueris  :  sit  tibi  terra  levis,  often  found  as  S.  T.  T.  L., 
is  a  phrase  common  upon  Roman  tombstones. 

In  another  epigram  (10.  61),  a  translation  of  which  by  Leigh  Hunt 
follows,  the  poet,  about  to  depart  finally  from  the  estate  where  Erotion 
is  buried,  thus  beautifully  commends  to  his  successors  the  care  of  her 
tomb: 

Underneath  this  greedy  stone 

Lies  little  sweet  Erotion  ; 

Whom  the  Fates,  with  hearts  as  cold, 

Nipped  away  at  six  years  old. 

Thou,  whoever  thou  mayest  be, 

That  hast  this  small  field  after  me, 

Let  the  yearly  rites  be  paid 

To  her  little  slender  shade  ; 

So  shall  no  disease  or  jar 

Hurt  thy  house  or  chill  thy  Lar  ; 

But  this  tomb  be  here  alone 

The  only  melancholy  stone. 


JUVENAL.  87 

X.    JUVENAL. 
About  55-138  A.D. 

Facunde  luvenalis.  —  Martial,  7.  91.  1. 

Irati  histrionis  exsul.  —  Sidonius  Apollinaris,  Carmen  9.  273. 
Quidquid  agunt  homines,  votum,  tirnor,  ira,  voluptas, 
gaudia,  discursus,  nostri  est  farrago  libelli.  —  Satira  I.  85-86. 
Facit  indignatio  versum.  —  Satira  1.  79. 

Satire  appears  to  have  originated  in  impromptu  dramatic  perform- 
ances. It  was  looked  upon  by  the  Romans  as  a  purely  native  product. 
Quintilian  says  of  it  (10.  1.  93)  satura  quidem  tota  nostra  est.  The 
word  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  adjective  satur,  the  distinctive 
mark  of  the  earlier  satire  being  fulness  and  variety.  As  lanx  satura 
is  a  dish  filled  with  various  kinds  of  fruit,  so  satire  in  this  earlier  sense 
is  a  poem  which  may  deal  with  any  subject  and  employ  several 
measures  and  languages.  With  Lucilius,  satire,  while  retaining  its 
dramatic  and  discursive  character,  became  didactic  as  well,  and  thus 
the  word  assumed  its  modern  signification. 

The  principal  names  in  the  history  of  Roman  satire  are  Ennius 
(239-160  B.C.),  Lucilius  (148-103  B.C.),  Varro  (116-27  B.C.),  Horace 
(65-8  B.C.),  Persius  (34-62  A.D.),  Seneca  the  Younger  (3  B.C.-65 
A.D.),  Petronius  (flourished  about  60  A.D.),  and  Juvenal. 

Juvenal  was  born  at  Aquiuum  in  Latium  and  was  the  son  or  foster 
son  of  a  wealthy  freedman.  He  practised  declamation  till  middle  life, 
was  tribune  of  the  first  Dalmatian  cohort,  was  for  some  reason  ban- 
ished (the  story  says  for  verses  offensive  to  an  actor  who  had  influence 
at  court),  and  died  while  in  exile.  He  was  a  friend  of  the  poet 
Martial. 

We  possess  sixteen  of  his  satires  divided  into  five  books.  '  Those 
which  are  most  characteristic  portray  the  vices  of  Roman  society  with 
passionate,  unsparing  ferocity '  and  in  an  extremely  highly  colored 
style.  In  some  passages  the  most  prominent  quality  is  wit,  which 
consists  chiefly  in  the  exaggerated  and  strongly  contrasted  situations. 
Other  passages  reach  a  lofty  height  of  moral  earnestness  and  dignity. 

For  Reference :  Wright,  Juvenal  (Boston,  1901)  ;  Mayor,  Juvenal 
(London,  1886). 

Metre :   Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 


88  JUVENAL. 

1.  1  ff.  Praeneste,  Volsiniis,  Gabiis,  Tiburis  :  country  towns  at  a 
moderate  distance  from  Rome.  ruinam :  '  The  spontaneous  collapse 
of  the  tenement  houses  was  such  a  common  occurrence  that  nobody 
paid  attention  to  it,  though  it  is  an  event  that  would  fill  our  news- 
papers with  a  thrilling  subject  for  days.  .  .  .  There  were  companies 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  propping  .  .  .  houses. '  —  Lanciani,  Ruins 
and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Home,  Conclusion,  p.  563.  The  entire 
chapter  should  be  read  in  connection  with  this  selection.  3.  proni  : 
i.e.  on  a  hillside.  4.  urbem:  i.e.  Rome.  tibicine:  prop. 
5.  labentibus:  the  falling  walls.  6.  vilicus  :  the  owner's  agent. 
8.  incendia :  fires  were  common  at  Rome.  Especially  memorable 
•were  the  great  conflagrations  in  the  reigns  of  Nero,  Titus,  and  Corn- 
modus.  The  Temple  of  Vesta  was  almost  or  entirely  destroyed  five 
times  by  fire.  10.  Ucalegon :  your  neighbor  on  the  next  floor 
below  ;  called  Ucalegon  because  iamproximus  ardet,  Vergil,  Aeneid, 
2.  311.  tabulata  tertia :  the  third  or  attic  story  where  you  live. 
11.  trepidatur  :  the  cry  of '  Fire  ! '  is  raised.  13.  ultimus  arde- 
bit :  and  likewise  will  get  the  alarm  last.  14.  Codro :  any  poor 
man  in  this  situation.  Procula  minor :  too  short  for  Tom  Thumb. 
Procula  was  probably  a  dwarf.  urceoli :  displayed  on  the  side- 
board, or  abacus,  beneath  which  was  a  reclining  statuette  of  the  Cen- 
taur Chiron.  17.  lam:  modifies  vetus.  18.  divina  carmina: 
the  Greek  books  just  mentioned.  opici  :  a  name  given  by  the  Greek 
colonists  of  southern  Italy  to  the  native  races.  Since  these  were  of 
inferior  refinement,  the  word  came  to  mean  barbarian.  It  is  applied 
to  the  mice  since  they  destroy  the  manuscripts.  20,  21.  ultimus 
cumulus:  the  last  straw.  21.  frusta:  a  mouthful  of  food. 
23.  Asturici  :  type  of  a  rich  man.  24.  differt  vadimonia :  puts 
off  the  time  at  which  the  defendant  had  given  security  (vadimonium) 
to  appear.  26.  Ardet :  impersonal.  28.  Euphranoris :  a  Greek 
sculptor  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.  Polycliti:  a  Greek  sculptor 
of  the  fifth  century  B.C.  He  made  a  famous  gold  and  ivory  statue  of 
Hera.  29.  ornamenta  deorum :  stolen  from  some  temple. 
Roman  conquerors  and  governors  (like  Napoleon  in  modern  times) 
freely  robbed  subject  countries  of  works  of  art.  30.  forulos 
mediamque  Minervam :  bookcases  and  a  Minerva  among  them. 
A  'bust  of  Pallas,'  the  goddess  of  wisdom,  is  appropriate  to  a  library. 
32.  Persicus:  the  same  person  as  Asturicus.  The  name  is  given 
because  of  the  reputed  wealth  of  the  Orient.  So  our  expression 


JUVENAL.  89 

'  nabob '  originally  meant  a  viceroy  in  India.  Cf.  Milton,  Paradise 
Lost,  2.  3-4  : 

where  the  gorgeous  East,  with  richest  hand, 
Showers  on  her  kings  barbaric  pearl  and  gold. 

orborum  lautissimus :  richest,  of  childless  men.  It  is  on  this  account 
that  all  assist  him,  hoping  eventually  to  receive  a  legacy.  Asturicus 
understands  their  motive  ;  hence  Juvenal's  humorous  suspicion. 

34  ff .  avelli :  middle.  circensibus :  the  games  consisted  of 
many  kinds  of  entertainment,  especially  chariot  racing.  As  with  the 
opera  to-day  for  lovers  of  music,  these  games  formed  one  of 
the  chief  attractions  of  life  in  a  great  city.  Sorae,  Fabrateriae, 
Frusinone  :  these  are  country  towns  of  Latium.  36.  tenebras  : 
a  dark  hole.  37.  brevis:  shallow.  40.  Pythagoreis :  Pythago- 
ras, believing  that  the  human  soul  might  pass  into  one  of  the  lower 
animals  after  death,  forbade  animal  food  to  his  disciples.  42.  unius 
dominum  lacertae  :  i.e.  of  the  small  area  which  would  be  necessary 
to  furnish  food  to  one  lizard. 

43.  Flurimus  aeger:  many  sick  men.  aeger,  though  singular, 
is  used  for  a  plural  with  the  adjective  of  plural  signification. 
vigilando :  the  final  o  is  short.  44.  inperfectus :  undigested. 
45.  ardenti :  inflamed.  meritoria:  lodgings.  46.  Magnis 
opibus:  ablative  of  price.  Martial  says,  12.  57.  4,  '  There  is  no  place 
in  Home  for  a  poor  man  to  sleep.'  Wagons  were  not  allowed  under 
ordinary  circumstances  to  pass  through  the  streets  till  the  late  after- 
noon, so  that  the  heavy  teaming  was  at  night.  47.  arto  :  the 
medium  width  of  the  principal  living  streets  of  Rome  was  only  from 
16  to  20  feet.  48.  stantis  convicia  mandrae :  the  mingled  noises 
of  the  penned-up  herd,  i.e.  the  abuse  of  the  drivers  and  the  lowing  of 
the  animals.  49.  Druso :  probably  the  Emperor  Claudius,  who 
was  lethargic.  vitulis  marinis  :  Pliny  says,  Natural  History,  9.  42, 
that  no  animal  sleeps  more  soundly  than  the  seal.  50.  officium : 
e.g.  the  duty  of  attendance  on  his  patron.  53.  clausa  fenestra  : 
effected  in  some  instances  by  drawing  the  curtains,  in  others  by 
closing  the  windows  of  mica.  55.  unda  prior :  the  human  tide,  or 
surging  crowd  in  front.  56.  assere:  the  chances  were  that  this  would 
be  the  pole  of  a  litter,  as  that  of  the  rich  man  just  mentioned. 
59.  clavus  militis :  the  soldier's  boot  was  studded  with  hobnails. 
60  quanto  celebretur  sportula  fumo  :  in  the  midst  of  how  great  a 


90  JUVENAL. 

smoke  they  throng  after  the  sportula.  The  sportula  is  in  this  instance 
the  food  given  by  the  patron  to  the  client  in  return  for  his  attendance. 
61.  convivae  :  the  clients.  culina  :  a  portable  kitchen  to  keep  the 
food  warm.  62.  Corbulo :  type  of  a  strong  man  ;  as  we  might  say 
'a  Samson.'  Tacitus,  Annales,  13.  8,  describes  a  Roman  general  of 
this  name  as  ingens  corpore.  65.  longa  ft. :  a  long  fir  tree  sways 
to  and  fro  as  Us  trucks  come  on.  A  similar  picture  of  the  crowded 
city  streets  is  found  in  Horace,  Epistulae,  2.  2.  70.  68.  procubuit : 
once  falls  over.  saxa  Ligustica :  the  marble  from  Luna  on  the 
border  between  Etruria  and  Liguria.  The  Romans  knew  hundreds 
of  varieties  of  marble  and  used  them  in  vast  quantities.  '  As  Tibullus 
says,  the  streets  of  the  city  were  always  obstructed  by  carts  laden 
with  transmarine  columns  and  blocks,  —  columns  measuring  some- 
times 1.97  metres  in  diameter  and  17.66  metres  in  length,  like  those  of 
Trajan's  temple  ;  or  blocks  weighing  sometimes  27  tons.'  —  Lanciani, 
Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Home,  p.  524.  71.  Obtritum 
perit  more  animae :  ground  to  powder,  is  gone  like  a  breath. 
72.  domus :  the  slaves,  pueri,  of  the  client  just  killed.  Even  a  poor 
man  might  have  several.  74.  striglibus:  to  remove  perspiration 
or  oil  from  the  body.  gutto  :  oil  cruet.  76.  ripa  :  of  the  Styx. 
Cf.  for  the  scene  Vergil,  Aeneid,  6.  298  ff.  novicius:  a  complete 
stranger,  i.e.  never  having  died  before,  —  a  grim  joke.  Juvenal's  wit 
has  been  called  '  the  earliest  known  instance  of  American  humor. '  — 
Peck  and  Arrowsmith,  Roman  Life,  etc.  77.  nee  sperat:  he  can- 
not cross  the  Styx  since  he  has  not  received  the  rites  of  burial. 
78.  porrigat  ore:  offer  with  his  mouth.  A  coin  was  often  put  in 
the  mouth  of  the  dead  to  pay  Charon's  fee.  80.  Spatium :  i.e. 
how  high  the  roofs  are.  Cicero  describes  Rome  as  '  suspended  in  the 
air.'  Some  of  the  houses  were  100  feet  in  height.  83.  silicem  : 
even  the  volcanic  stone  which  forms  the  pavement  of  the  street  is 
broken.  85  ff.  quot  patent  vigiles  fenestrae :  this  may  be  pun- 
ningly  rendered, — as  many  as  there  are  windows  up.  —  Peck  and 
Arrowsmith,  Roman  Life,  etc. 

2.  9.  sacellis:  the  shrines  of  the  Lares  found  in  every  house. 
The  common  offering  at  them  was  a  pig.  10.  tomacula :  minced 
meat.  17.  Sardanapali :  effeminate  and  luxurious,  the  last  king 
of  Assyria.  When  a  conspiracy  against  him  was  about  to  succeed, 
he  burned  himself  with  his  treasures.  Byron  has  a  drama  Sardana- 


JUVENAL.  91 

palus.      19.   virtutem :    Virtueland.      20.  Nullum  numen  abest : 

the  gods  are  all  on  the  side  of  the  provident.     Fortune  is  no  deity  and 
only  we  mistaken  men  think  her  such. 

3.  3.    quae  lacrimas  dedit :  i.e.  in  that  she  gave  us  tears.      haec  : 
i.e.  sympathy.        4.    ergo  :  i.e.  this  gift  of  tears  implies  that,  etc. 
5.    squaloremque  rei  :  persons  on  trial  often  appeared  in  court  with 
unshorn  beard,  unwashed  toga,  and  other  signs  of  mourning.     6.    cir- 
cumscriptoretn :  his  dishonest  guardian.      7.  puellares  capilli :  bo^"s 
wore  long  hair  till  they  put  on  the  toga  virilis.        10, 11.  minor  igni 
rogi  :  minor  with  the  ablative  here  means  too  small  for.    It  was  unusual 
to  burn  the  bodies  of  very  young  children.        face  dignus  arcana : 
i.e.  worthy  of  initiation  into  the  Eleusinian  mysteries.     On  the  fifth 
day  of  the  festival  the  initiated  marched  in  a  torch-light  procession 
from    Athens  to    Eleusis.       They  must    be    holy  in    thought    and 
deed.        13.   mutorum  :  dumb  animals.       venerabile  :  reverential. 
14.    divinorumque     capaces :     with    a    capacity    to    know    God. 
16.    sensum  ff . :   a  feeling  from  above,  i.e.  sympathy.      Man  with 
his  religious  nature,  with  his  power  to  practice  the  arts,  and  his  erect 
posture,  is  given  this  also  as  a  crowning  mark  of  distinction  from  the 
lower  creation.       18.  indulsit :  in  his  goodness  gave.       19,20.   tan- 
tum  animas  :  merely  life.       animum :  a  soul.        mutuus  adfectus  : 
a  feeling  of  brotherhood.        24.   tutos  :  protected  by.      25.   collata 
fiducia :  confidence  due  to  union.        27.    defendier  :  archaic  form 
of  defendi. 

4.  1.   Di :  sc.  date  or  dent.       sine  pondere  terrain  :  cf.  Martial, 
Selection  13.  9, 10  and  note.      2.   spirantis :  fragrant.      perpetuum 
ver  :  because  the  urn  is  always  supplied  with  flowers. 

2.  procul,  a  procul  inde  :  a  part  of  the  formula  used  to  warn 
away  the  unhallowed  from  sacred  rites.  Cf.  Vergil,  Aeneid,  6.  258, 
procul,  o  procul  este  profani.  The  phrase,  accordingly,  has  attached 
to  it  a  religious  earnestness  and  solemnity,  like  In  the  name  of  God, 
away  I  3.  pernoctantis  parasiti :  the  contemptible  guest  who, 
for  a  dinner,  stays  all  night,  entertaining  his  host  with  low  songs. 
5.  nee  contempseris  annos  :  do  not  think  your  child  too  young  to 
observe  and  imitate. 


92  HADRIAN. 

XL     HADRIAN. 

76-138  A.D. 

Hadrian  was  of  Spanish  descent  and  related  to  Trajan,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  emperor  in  117.  His  reign,  except  its  closing  years,  was 
noteworthy  for  good  legislation,  for  the  construction  of  magnificent 
buildings,  and  for  his  journeys  to  every  part  of  the  Empire. 

Metre  :  Iambic  Dimeter  Acatalectic,  G.  &  L.  757,  765. 

1.  The  emperor  is  said  by  Spartianus  to  have  composed  this  poem 
upon  his  death-bed. 

The  diminutives  express  affection  and  compassion. 

4.  pallidula  and  rigida  refer  to  animula,  the  soul  being  conceived 
as  presenting  the  appearance  of  the  dead  body.  nudula  also  refers 
to  animula,  as  disembodied,  or,  metaphorically  speaking,  '  unclothed  '  ; 
cf.  2  Corinthians  5.  3, 4  and  Plato,  Cratylus,  403  B, '  the  soul  denuded 
of  the  body.'  Line  5  is  equivalent  to  a  fourth  adjective,  sad. 

The  passage  contains  an  unusual  number  of  words  which  occur  but 
once  (vagula,  blandula,  nudula),  or  very  rarely  (pallidula). 

Pope  translates :         • 

Ah,  fleeting  Spirit !  wand'ring  fire, 

That  long  hast  warm'd  my  tender  breast, 

Must  thou  no  more  this  frame  inspire  ? 
No  more  a  pleasing,  cheerful  guest  ? 

Whither,  ah  whither  art  thou  flying  ? 

To  what  dark,  undiscover'd  shore  ? 
Thou«eem'st  all  trembling,  shiv'ring,  dying, 

And  Wit  and  Humor  are  no  more. 

At  Steele's  request  that  he  should  write  an  ode  in  imitation  of 
Hadrian's  poem,  but  of  a  '  cheerful  dying  spirit '  Pope  composed  the 
hymn : 

Vital  spark  of  heav'nly  flame  ! 
Quit,  oh  quit  this  mortal  frame  : 
Trembling,  hoping,  ling'ring,  flying, 
Oh  the  pain,  the  bliss  of  dying  !  etc. 


ANONYMOUS.  93 

XII.    ANONYMOUS. 
Metre :  Dactylic  Hexameter,  B.  368  ;  A.  &  G.  615. 

1.  1,  Lindi  :  a  city  of  Rhodes.  2.  Ephyra :  another  name  for 
Corinth.  7.  Cecropius :  Attic.  Cecrops  was  the  first  king  of 
Athens.  induperabit :  indu  is  an  old  form  of  in. 


SACKED  LATIN  POETRY. 

The  Latin  hyinns  differ  from  classical  poetry  in  that  accent  and 
rhyme  prevail  instead  of  syllabic  quantity.  This  is  in  accordance  with 
the  genius  of  a  language  which  never  disregarded  accent  and  in  which 
rhyme  occurs  even  in  its  earliest  extant  literature,  as  in  Ennius' 

Andromacha : 

Haec  omnia  vidi  inflamrnari, 
Priamo  vi  vitam  evitari,  etc. 

Among  the  famous  authors  of  Latin  hymns  are  Adam  of  St.  Victor ; 
St.  Ambrose  ;  Fortunatus  ;  Robert  the  Second,  King  of  France ;  Bernard 
of  Clairvaux ;  Bernard  of  Cluny  ;  and  Abelard.  Among  the  greatest 
of  the  hymns  are  the  Te  Deum,  the  Veni,  Creator  Spiritus,  the  Stabat 
Mater,  the  Veni,  Sancte  Spiritus,  the  Dies  Irae,  the  Ut  lucundas,  the 
lesu,  Dulcis  Memoria,  and  the  Hora  Novissima. 

For  Reference :  Trench,  Sacred  Latin  Poetry  (London,  1874);  March, 
Latin  Hymns  (New  York,  1874)  ;  Daniel,  Thesaurus  Hymnologicus 
(Leipzig,  1841-1856,  5  vols.)  ;  Merrill,  Latin  Hymns  (Boston,  1904)  ; 
Julian,  Dictionary  of  Hymnology  (London,  1907).  In  all  see  indices 
of  first  lines. 

ANONYMOUS. 
FOR  CHRISTMAS  DAY. 

This  was  till  recently  a  favorite  in  the  Lutheran  churches  of  Ger- 
many. Like  most  of  the  other  hymns  in  this  collection,  it  has  often 
been  translated  ;  as  by  Schaff  in  his  Christ  in  Song.  The  oldest  text 
known  is  as  early  as  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  subject  is  the  birth  of  Christ.  Cf.  Matthew  2.  1.  Beth- 
lehem :  indeclinable,  like  most  proper  names  of  Hebrew  origin. 
5,  6.  The  ox  and  ass  were  believed  to  have  occupied  the  stable  with 
Christ  on  the  combined  authority  of  the  Septuagint  reading  of  Habak- 
kulc  3.  2  :  '  Between  two  animals  shalt  thou  be  known  '  ;  and  of  Isaiah 
1.  3:  'The  ox  knoweth  his  owner,  and  the  ass  his  master's  crib.' 

94 


ANONYMOUS.  95 

quod:  that.  7.  Reges  :  Isaiah  GO.  3;  Psalms72.  10,  15.  Saba  : 
Psalms  72.  10,  15.  11.  Sine  serpentis  vulnere :  without  'origi- 
nal sin.'  Cf.  Genesis  3.  14,  15  ;  1  John  3.  5. 

FOR  EASTER  DAY. 

This  fine  sequence  was  highly  esteemed  by  Luther  and  became  a 
favorite  in  many  countries.  Its  composition  was  as  early  as  the 
eleventh  century.  At  first  sight  it  appears  to  be  prose,  but  proves  on 
closer  examination  to  be  rhymed  throughout.  The  dialogue  form 
made  possible  its  dramatic  use  in  the  Easter  Mystery  Plays  and  the 
church  service.  For  this  and  for  translations  see  Julian,  p.  1223  ff. 

The  subject  is  the  Resurrection.  Cf.  Matthew  28.  1-15  ;  John  20. 
1-18. 

2.  Agnus:  John  1.  29.  oves :  John  10.  11.  3.  regnat : 
Matthew  25.  34.  4-9.  Die  ff.  :  the  conversation  supposed  to  have 
taken  place  between  Mary  Magdalene  and  the  disciples  after  her 
return  from  the  sepulchre.  Surrexit :  Luke  24.  34. 

PLAUDITE  CAELI. 

This  hymn  was  composed  by  a  member  of  the  Jesuit  Order.  Its 
date  is  of  the  fourteenth  to  the  sixteenth  century ;  its  subject  the 
Resurrection. 

1.  Plaudite :  cf.  Flumina  plaudent  manu,  Psalms  97.  8  ;  '  All 
the  trees  of  the  field  shall  clap  their  hands.'  —  Isaiah  55.  12. 
2.  aether:  the  upper  air.  3,  4.  Let  the  heights  and  the  depths  of 
the  world  rejoice.  5,  6.  The  "black  storm-rack  has  passed  by. 
7.  almae:  bountiful.  11,12.  pictis  .  .  .  campis  :  cf.  'daisies 
.  .  .  do  paint  the  meadows.'  —  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  V.  2.  905. 
17,  18.  Full  veins  are  metaphorical  for  the  full  strong  flow  of  song. 
20.  Barbytha:  bad  spelling  for  barbita,  lutes.  26.  Ludite: 
flow  merrily. 

The  hymn  has  been  translated  into  English  by  Mrs.  Charles,  Chris- 
tian Life  in  Song,  p.  184,  and  by  Duffield,  Latin  Hymns,  p.  398.  The 
latter  thus  renders  11.  9-24  : 

Spring  breezes  are  blowing, 
Spring  flowers  are  at  hand, 
Spring  grasses  are  growing 
Abroad  in  the  land, 


96  BERNARD   OF   CLAIRVAUX. 

And  violets  brighten 
The  roses  in  bloom, 
And  marigolds  heighten 
The  lilies'  perfume. 

Rise  then,  0  my  praises, 
Fresh  life  in  your  veins, 
As  the  viol  upraises 
The  gladdest  of  strains, 
For  once  more  he  sees  us, 
Alive,  as  he  said  ; 
Our  holy  Lord  Jesus 
Escaped  from  the  dead. 

PONE  LUCTUM,  MAGDALENA. 

The  subject  is  the  appearance  of  the  risen  Christ  to  Mary  Magda- 
lene at  the  tomb,  John  20.  11-18. 

1.  Pone  :  dismiss  thy  grief.  3.  Simonis  :  Mary  Magdalene,  as 
in  Dies  Irae,  37,  is  identified  with  '  the  woman  which  was  a  sinner'  of 
Luke  1.  37-50,  who,  while  Jesus  sat  at  meat  in  the  house  of  Simon, 
the  Pharisee,  '  weeping,  began  to  wet  his  feet  with  her  tears,'  1.  4. 
22,  23.  Lift  thy  face,  0  Magdalen !  Behold  the  risen  Christ. 
25.  Quinque  plagas :  the  five  strokes  are  the  nail  prints  in  Jesus' 
hands  and  feet  and  the  spear  wound  in  his  side,  Luke  24.  40  ;  John 
20.  24-29.  inspice  :  as  Thomas  and  the  other  disciples  be- 
held. 

Translation  by  Mrs.  Charles,  Christian  Life  in  Song,  p.  182. 

BERNARD   OF   CLAIRVAUX. 

1091-1153  A.D. 
SALVE,  CAPUT  CEUENTATUM. 

This  selection  is  taken  from  a  hymn  in  seven  parts,  each  addressing 
some  member  of  Christ's  body  on  the  cross,  the  feet,  the  knees,  etc. 
The  composition  is  more .  probably  by  some  German  poet  than  by 
Bernard,  but  its  supposed  origin  with  the  latter  has  become  a  subject 
of  religious  legend.  One  ancient  copy  describes  the  hymn  as  '  a 
divine  and  most  devout  prayer  of  the  Abbot  St.  Bernard,  which  he 


BERNARD  OF  CLAIRVAUX.  97 

made  when  an  image  of  the  Saviour  with  outstretched  arms  embraced 
him  from  the  cross.'  Again  we  read,  'The  image  on  the  cross  bowed 
itself  and  embraced  him  with  its  wounded  arms  as  a  sure  token  that  to 
it  this  prayer  was  most  pleasing.' 

Julian  refers  to  eight  English  metrical  versions.  One  of  the  finest 
forms  in  which  it  has  come  into  the  language  (through  P.  Gerhardt's 
free  German  version  'O  Haupt  voll  Blut  und  Wunden')  is  0  sacred 
Head!  now  toounded. 

3.  Conquassatum  :  mangled.  7.  Immutatua :  '  His  visage  was 
so  marred  more  than  any  man.'  —  Isaiah  52.  14.  10.  All  heaven 
shudders.  The  curia  is  the  centre  of  government.  11.  viror  : 
Late  Latin  for  viriditas,  vigor;  we  might  freely  render  brightness. 
14.  Expressing  the  extremity  of  weakness,  hanging  all  in  faintness. 
19.  intersigno:  proof,  Late  Latin.  23-25.  From  whose  mouth  I 
have  taken  honey  with  the  sweetness  of  milk,  beyond  all  delights.  A 
figurative  use  of  the  story  of  Samson,  who  found  a  honeycomb  in  the 
mouth  of  the  carcass  of  the  lion  which  he  had  slain,  Judges  14.  8,  9. 
Milk  is  religiously  associated  with  honey  because  of  the  description  of 
Canaan  in  Deuteronomy  31.  20,  terram  lacte  et  melle  manantem. 
28-30.  Now  that  death  is  near  Thee,  lay  here  Thine  head,  rest  in  my 
arms.  32.  gauderem:  I  would  rejoice,  were  I  associated  with 
Thy  holy  passion  ;  present  contrary  to  fact  condition.  40.  absque  : 
without,  ante-  and  post-classic  preposition.  46.  emigrate  :  depart 
from  life.  Cf.  qui  e  vita  emiyravit,  Cicero,  De  Legibus,  2.  48. 
49.  Temetipsum  :  Thine  own  self.  An  emphatic  -met  is  suffixed 
to  Te. 

'JESDS,    THE    VERY   THOUGHT    OF    THEE.' 

The  author  is  probably  St.  Bernard,  the  abbot  of  Clairvaux  and  the 
great  preacher  of  the  Second  Crusade.  Few  men  in  Christendom 
have  ever  exercised  a  personal  influence  equal  to  his. 

These  quartrains  are  selected  from  a  hymn  composed  of  fifty  such, 
and  familiar  to  English-speaking  Christians  from  Caswall's  transla- 
tion, Jesus,  the  very  Thought  of  Thee,  and  Ray  Palmer's  Jesus,  Thou 
Joy  of  Loving  Hearts.  It  was  a  favorite  of  Livingstone  who  quotes 
from  it  in  his  African  Diary.  '  No  other  poem  in  any  language,'  says 
Julian,  '  has  furnished  to  English  and  American  hymn-books  so  many 
hymns  of  sterling  worth  and  well-deserved  popularity.' 

Subject,  Jesus. 

H 


98  ROBERT   II,   KING   OF   FRANCE. 

1-4.   leau :  vocative.     We  would  expect  das  instead  of  dans  and 
tui  instead  of  eius.     Supply  est  with  praesentia. 

13-16.  Thou  bliss  of  souls  in  bitter  need, 

Water  to  lip  and  light  to  eye, 
All  joy  thou  dost  how  far  exceed, 
All  yearning  more  than  satisfy. 


ROBERT   II,  KING   OF   FRANCE. 

971-1031  A.D. 
'  COME,  HOLY  SPIRIT,  FROM  ABOVE.' 

Robert,  the  son  of  Hugh  Capet,  to  whom  this  hymn  is  commonly, 
but  probably  incorrectly,  ascribed,  became  king  of  France  in  988  A.D. 
He  '  was  a  kindly,  easy  man,  endowed  with  all  the  charming  and 
dangerous  virtues  which  commend  themselves  in  the  man  and  often 
prove  fatal  to  the  king.  His  reign  was  a  constant  struggle,  first  with 
the  church  for  his  wife,  afterwards  with  his  barons  for  his  existence.' 
—  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  vol.  ix,  p.  536. 

This  hymn  was  in  the  Middle  Ages  often  called  the  Golden  Sequence. 
Clichtovaeus  (Elucidatorium,  Paris,  1516,  f.  171)  declares  it 'above 
all  praise  whether  by  reason  of  its  wonderful  sweetness  ...  or  of  its 
brevity  along  with  wealth  of  ideas  or  ...  of  the  elegant  grace  of  its 
structure.'  Trench,  Sacred  Latin  Poetry,  says  it  '  could  only  have 
been  composed  by  one  who  had  been  acquainted  with  many  sorrows 
and  also  with  many  consolations. ' 

Julian  refers  to  thirty-eight  renderings  into  English.  One  of  the 
best  of  these  is  A.  P.  Stanley's  version,  Come,  Holy  Spirit,  from  Above. 

The  subject  is  an  entreaty  to  the  Spirit  to  come  and  to  bestow  His 
gifts.  To  the  former  thought  belong  the  earlier  stanzas,  to  the  second 
thought  the  latter  stanzas.  At  the  beginning  of  the  poem  veni,  empha- 
sizing the  former  thought,  is  in  its  position  and  repetition  like  da  at  the 
close,  emphasizing  the  latter. 

3.  lucis :  cf.  lumen  cordium,  1.  6,  lux  beatissima,  1. 13.  The  Spirit, 
as  the  '  guide  into  all  truth,'  is  naturally  addressed  as  light  and  the 
giver  of  light.  7.  Consolator  :  John  14.  16.  9.  refrigerium : 
refreshment.  '  May  God  refresh  thy  spirit '  is  a  phrase  not  uncommon 
in  Christian  epitaphs  of  the  Catacombs.  7-12.  Stanley  renders  : 


ANONYMOUS.  99 

O  Thou,  of  comforters  the  best, 

O  Thou,  the  soul's  most  welcome  guest, 

O  Thou,  our  sweet  repose, 
Our  resting-place  from  life's  long  care, 
Our  shadow  from  the  world's  fierce  glare, 

Our  solace  in  all  woes. 

19,  20.   Lava,  Riga :  John  3.  5 ;  Isaiah  44.  3.        27.    septena- 

i  ium  :  the  seven-fold  gift.  The  spirit  is  septiformis  munere,  the  seven 
gifts  being  'the  spirit  of  wisdom,'  'of  understanding,'  'of  council,' 
'  of  might,'  '  of  knowledge,'  '  of  piety,'  and  '  of  the  fear  of  the  Lord,' 
Isaiah  11.  2,  3. 


ANONYMOUS. 
PHOENIX  INTER  FLAMMAS  EXPIRANS. 

The  suggestion  of  this  beautiful  poem  is  from  Canticles.  The  date 
of  composition  is  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  subject  is  the  soul's  'desire  to  depart  and  to  be  with  Christ.' 
The  second  to  the  fifth  stanzas  take  their  form  from  the  legend  of  the 
phoenix,  a  fabulous  bird  which  was  said  to  build  its  funeral  pyre,  to 
burn  itself,  singing  a  death-song,  and  to  rise  from  its  ashes  in  renewed 
youth.  The  soul,  passing  from  this  life  to  immortality,  conceives 
itself  as  a  phoenix  consuming  in  the  flames  and  singing  a  death-song 
(the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  stanzas). 

3.  aegram:  Canticles  2.  5.  4.  Dilecto:  Christ  in  heaven.  Cf. 
Canticles  2.  3.  27-30.  The  flame  leaping  toward  the  sky  is  a  type  of 
the  soul  in  its  eagerness  to  ascend  to  heaven.  Cf . : 

Rivers  to  the  ocean  run 
Nor  stay  in  all  their  course  : 
Fire  ascending  seeks  the  sun : 
Both  speed  them  to  their  source. 
So  the  soul  that's  born  of  God 
Pants  to  view  his  glorious  face, 
Upward  tends  to  his  abode 
To  rest  in  his  embrace. 

—  Seagrave. 


100  THOMAS   A   CELANO. 

THOMAS  A  CELANO. 
DIES  IRAK. 

Thomas,  called  a  Celano  from  a  small  town  in  central  Italy,  was  a 
Franciscan  monk  who  lived  in  the  thirteenth  century  and  was  custos 
of  certain  convents  of  his  order  on  the  Rhine.  His  authorship  of  this 
hymn  is  probable,  not  certain. 

For  the  literature  see  Julian,  p.  294. 

In  the  ritual  the  Dies  Irae  is  used  for  All  Souls'  Day  and  for  requiem 
masses.  The  most  famous  musical  setting  is  by  Mozart. 

Daniel  says  of  this  hymn,  '  Each  word  is  a  peal  of  thunder.'  Trench 
says,  '  The  triple  rhyme  has  been  likened  to  blow  following  blow  of 
the  hammer  on  the  anvil.' 

Goethe  introduces  the  Dies  Irae  into  a  scene  of  the  first  part  of 
Faust ;  the  remorse  of  Gretchen  becomes  overwhelming  as  she  hears 
the  hymn  pealing  through  the  cathedral,  the  culmination  coming  with 
the  repetition  of  the  words  Quid  sum  miser  tune  dicturus? 

Sir  Walter  Scott  thus  quotes  and  summarizes  at  the  end  of  The  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel : 

Far  the  echoing  aisles  prolong 
The  awful  burthen  of  the  song,  — 

DlES  IRAE,   DIES  ILLA, 

SOLVET  SAECLDM  IN  FAVILLA  ;    .    .    . 

Thus  the  holy  fathers  sung. 

HYMN     FOR     THE     DEAD. 

That  day  of  wrath,  that  dreadful  day, 
When  heaven  and  earth  shall  pass  away, 
What  power  shall  be  the  sinner's  stay  ? 
How  shall  he  meet  that  dreadful  day  ? 

When,  shrivelling  like  a  parched  scroll, 
The  flaming  heavens  together  roll ; 
When  louder  yet,  and  yet  more  dread, 
Swells  the  high  trump  that  wakes  the  dead. 

Oh  !  on  that  day,  that  wrathful  day, 
When  man  to  judgment  wakes  from  clay, 
Be  THOU  the  trembling  sinner's  stay, 
Though  heaven  and  earth  shall  pass  away . 


THOMAS  A  CELANO.  101 

The  same  poet  was  heard  to  quote  portions  of  the  hymn  on  his  death- 
bed, and  the  last  words  of  the  Earl  of  Roscommon,  author  of  one  of 
the  well-known  versions,  were  a  rendering  of  line  51 : 

My  God,  my  Father,  and  my  Friend, 
Do  not  forsake  me  in  my  end  ! 

Hundreds  of  metrical  translations  of  this  hymn  exist.  A  good  selec- 
tion will  be  found  in  Nott,  Seven  Great  Hymns. 

1.  Diesirae,  dies  ilia,  dies  tribulationis  et  angustiae,  dies  calami- 
tatis  et  miseriae,  etc.  —  Zephaniah  1.  15.  Cf.  dies  magnus  irae,  Revela- 
tion 6.  17.  2.  Shall  lay  the  world  in  glowing  ashes.  Cf.  2  Peter 
3.  10-12,  especially  '  The  elements  shall  melt  with  fervent  heat.' 
3.  Teste  David  cum  Sibylla  :  Jew  and  Gentile  both  testify  that  the 
Day  of  Judgment  shall  come.  As  Vergil  in  his  fourth  Eclogue  was 
believed  to  have  foretold  Christ,  so  the  Sibyl  was  thought  to  have 
prophesied  the  Day  of  Judgment.  This  was  due  to  the  still  extant 
'  Sibylline  Oracles,'  a  collection  of  twelve  books  in  Greek  hexameters 
supposed  to  have  emanated  from  the  Sibyl,  but  really  pretended  proph- 
esies composed  in  the  interest  of  their  respective  religions  partly  by 
Alexandrian  Jews,  partly  by  Christians.  For  the  witness  of  David 
see  Psalms  11.  5,  6  ;  96.  13  ;  97.  2,  3.  Cf.  Trench,  pp.  303,  304. 
Teste  David  is  ablative  absolute.  6.  Discussurus  :  investigate, 
a  meaning  not  classic  in  the  literary  language.  7.  Tuba :  '  the 
trumpet  shall  sound  and  the  dead  shall  be  raised.'  —  1  Corinthians  15. 
52.  Cf.  1  Thessalonians  4.  16.  11.  creatura :  every  creature. 
13.  Liber scriptus :  Daniel!.  10;  Eevelation 20. 12.  16.  Matthew 
25.  31.  17.  Luke  12.  2.  20.  patronum  :  advocate,  1  John  2.  1. 
21.  vix  iustus :  '  if  the  righteous  is  scarcely  saved.'  —  1  Peter  4.  18. 
22-24. 

King  of  awful  majesty, 
Saving  sinners  graciously, 
Fount  of  mercy,  save  Thou  me  ! 

23.  gratis  :  freely,  Revelation  21.  6.  28-30.  Dr.  Johnson  fre- 
quently quoted  this  stanza  with  tears.  28.  'Jesus,  being  wearied 
with  his  journey,  sat  thus  by  the  well.'  —  John  4.  6.  33.  '  After  a 
long  time  the  Lord  of  those  servants  cometh  and  maketh  a  reckoning 
with  them.'  —  Matthew  25.  19.  37.  The  writer  identifies  Mary  Mag- 
dalene with  '  the  woman  which  was  a  sinner '  to  whom  Jesus  said,  '  Thy 
sins  are  forgiven  thee.'  38.  latronem  :  the  penitent  thief,  Luke  23. 


102  BERNARD   OF   CLUNY. 

39  ff.  43-48.  Matthew  25.  31  ff.  49.  acclinis :  bowing  before 
Thee.  50.  A  heart  bruised  even  as  ashes.  The  literal  meaning  of 
contritum,  '  separated  into  small  pieces,'  is  strongly  in  mind.  Cf.  cor 
contritum ;  Psalms  51.  17.  Cor  is  in  apposition  with  the  subject  of 
oro.  52-57.  These  lines  adapt  the  hymn  to  the  service.  56,  57. 
Note  the  wonderful  sweetness  of  these  lines,  like  calm  after  storm. 

BERNARD   OF   CLUNY. 
DE  PATRIAE  CAELESTIS  LAUDE. 

This  writer,  born  in  Brittany  of  English  parents  and  a  contemporary 
of  St.  Bernard,  was  a  monk  in  the  monastery  of  Cluny  under  Peter 
the  Venerable.  The  verses  here  given  form  the  opening  of  his  De 
Contemptu  Mundi,  a  bitter  satire  about  three  thousand  lines  long 
upon  the  corruptions  of  the  time.  The  passage  is  described  by  Neale 
as  '  the  most  lovely  of  mediaeval  poems.' 

The  metre  is  dactylic  hexameter  with  the  leonine  and  tailed  rhyme, 
each  line  being  broken  up  into  three  parts.  This  measure  is  so  difficult 
that  the  composer  was  enabled  to  master  it  only,  as  he  believed,  by  a 
special  inspiration ;  but  two  translators  into  English,  Moultrie  and 
Duffield,  have  attempted  to  reproduce  it,  as  : 

Here  we  have  many  fears;    this  is  the  vale  of  tears,  the  land  of 

sorrow. 
Tears  are  there  none  at  all,  in  that  celestial  hall,  on  life's  bright 

morrow. 

The  great  English  rendering  is  by  Neale  in  his  Rhythm  of  Bernard 
de  Morlaix  on  the  Celestial  Country.  From  this  many  favorite  hymns 
have  been  drawn. 

The  subject  is  the  speedy  coming  of  Christ  to  judge  the  world  and 
the  joys  and  glories  of  the  New  Jerusalem.  Cf.  Revelation  21  and  22. 

3.  terminet :  subjunctive  of  wish.  8.  homo  deus :  the  God- 
man;  i.e.  Christ.  10.  non  breve  vivere :  subject  of  retribuetur. 
17.  Sion  :  the  church.  Babylone  :  the  world.  Cf.  such  passages 
as  Revelation  16.  19.  19.  sobria :  sober  and  impliedly  watchful. 
Cf.  1  Thessalonians  5.  6. 

24-29.  With  jasper  glow  thy  bulwarks, 

Thy  streets  with  emerald  blaze; 


HILDEBERT.  103 

The  sardins  and  the  topaz 
Unite  in  thee  their  rays ; 

Thine  ageless  walls  are  bonded 

With  amethyst  unpriced; 
Thy  saints  build  up  its  fabric, 

And  the  corner-stone  is  Christ. 

The  cross  is  all  thy  splendor, 

The  crucified  thy  praise; 
His  laud  and  benediction 

Thy  ransomed  people  raise. 

Thou  hast  no  shore,  fair  ocean; 

Thou  hast  no  time,  bright  day: 
Dear  fountain  of  refreshment 

To  pilgrims  far  away. 

— Neale. 

26.  The  heavenly  throng  compose  thy  fabric  and  Christ  is  thy  pre- 
cious stone;  i.e.  each  believer  is  a  stone  built  into  the  structure  of 
the  heavenly  city  of  which  Christ,  the  '  living  stone,  elect  and  precious,' 
is  the  foundation.  Cf.  1  Peter  2.  3-6.  29.  Thou  without  shore  (i.e. 
unbounded  in  extent),  thou  without  time  (i.e.  never  ceasing  to  flow), 
fountain  that  art  soon  a  stream. 

34.  Beneath  thy  contemplation 

Sink  heart  and  voice  oppressed. 

—  Neale. 
49.  Plaude  .  .  .  Deus: 

Exult,  O  dust  and  ashes  ! 
The  Lord  shall  be  thy  part. 

—  Neale. 

HILDEBERT. 

1057-1134  A.D. 

THE  HEAVENLY  CITY. 

Hildebert,  a  contemporary  and  fellow-countryman  of  the  Bernards, 
became  Archbishop  of  Tours  in  1125.  His  verses  number  more  than 
ten  thousand. 


104  HILDEBERT. 

The  selection  is  taken  from  his  Address  to  the  Three  Persons  of  the 
Holy  Trinity. 
Of.  Revelation  21  and  22. 

3.  Auctor  lucis  :  Genesis  I.  3.  5.  lapia  vivus  :  1  Peter  2.  4, 
6.  6.  Rex  festivus  :  Matthew  22.  2.  12-14.  Revelation  21.  4  ; 
1  John  3.  2.  15-18.  Cf.  0  civitas  sancta,  civitas  speciosa,  de  longin- 
quo  te  saluto,  ad  te  clamo,  te  requiro.  —  Augustine,  De  Spiritu  et 
Anima.  26.  Revelation  21.  24. 

The  following  is  a  portion  of  Neale's  translation  (Mediaeval  Hymns, 
pp.  35-36)  : 

Mine  be  Sion's  habitation, 

Sion,  David's  calm  foundation  : 

Built  by  him,  light's  source  immortal,  — 

To  whose  streets  the  cross  is  portal : 

In  this  city,  uninvaded 

Peace,  —  spring  endless,  light  unfaded : 

Endless  breath  of  flowerets  vernal, 

Festal  melody  eternal. 

Home,  no  change  nor  loss  that  fearest, 

From  afar  my  soul  thou  cheerest : 

Thee  it  seeketh,  thee  requireth, 

Thee  affecteth,  thee  desireth. 


LATIN 
COLLEGE   LATIN    SERIES  —  Continued 


Odes  and  Epodes  of  Horace 


Edited  by  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT,  of  Cornell  University 
I2mo,  cloth,  464  pages.     Price,  $140. 


Satires  and  Epistles  of  Horace 

Edited  by  Professor  JOHN  C.  ROLFE,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia.    I2mo,  cloth,  458  pages.     Price,  $1.40. 

Complete  Works  of  Horace 

Edited  by  Professors  BENNETT  and  ROLFE.     Printed  on  Bible  paper 
and  bound  in  flexible  covers.     I2ino,  cloth,  922  pages.     Price,  $2.00. 

IN  these  volumes  each  poem  is  preceded  by  a  careful  analysis, 
giving  in  a  line  or  two  all  necessary  information  regarding 
the  subject,  date,  and  metre. 

The  comprehensive  Introduction  to  the  Odes  and  Epodes  has 
sections  devoted  to  Horace's  Life  and  Works ;  Manuscripts, 
Scholia,  and  Editions ;  Classification  of  the  Odes  and  Epodes ; 
Language  (treating  the  poet's  most  striking  deviations  from  stand- 
ard prose  usage)  ;  The  Metres. 

The  Introduction  to  the  Satires  and  Epistles  is  equally  ex- 
haustive, and  treats  of  the  Life  and  Works  of  Horace ;  The 
Development  of  the  Roman  Satire ;  The  Dramatic  and  Literary 
Satire  ;  The  Schools  of  Ennius  and  Lucilius  ;  General  Character- 
istics of  the  Satires ;  The  Style  of  the  Satires ;  Colloquial  Lan- 
guage of  the  Satires ;  The  Metres. 

In  both  volumes  the  commentary  is  eminently  judicious,  telling 
the  student  all  he  needs  to  know,  but  never  more  than  he  will 
understand  and  appreciate. 

The  two  volumes,  printed  on  Bible  paper  and  bound  together 
in  flexible  covers,  form  the  most  attractive  and  convenient  edition 
of  the  complete  works  of  Horace. 

37 


LATIN 

COLLEGE   LATIN    SERIES  —  Continued 


Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient  Rome 

By  Professor  S.  B.  PLATNER,  Western  Reserve  University.    8vo,  cloth, 
528  pages.     Nine  Maps  and  Plans  and  95  Illustrations.     Price,  $3.00. 

THIS  book  is  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  study 
of  the  topography  of  ancient  Rome  for  students  of  Roman 
antiquities  and  history,  and  incidentally  as  a  book  of  '-efertnce 
for  those  who  have  any  special  interest  in  the  monuments  which 
still  remain.  It  contains  an  outline  of  the  successive  stages  in 
the  growth  of  the  city,  a  discussion  of  the  topography  of  each 
region,  and  the  position  of  its  buildings  so  far  as  this  is  known, 
and  a  detailed  description  of  the  more  important  structures. 

To  facilitate  further  study,  references  of  two  classes  have  been 
added :  first,  to  the  sources  of  information  in  ancient  literature 
and  inscriptions,  and  second,  to  the  most  important  material  in 
current  periodicals  and  the  standard  works  on  topography. 

The  volume  contains  five  double-page  and  four  single-page 
maps,  nearly  all  of  which  are  colored.  There  are  ninety-five 
illustrations,  many  reproduced  from  photographs. 

There  are  chapters  devoted  to  each  of  the  hills  of  Rome,  to 
the  Tiber  and  its  Bridges,  the  Forum,  the  Campus  Martius,  Aque- 
ducts and  Sewers,  Walls,  Gates  and  Roads,  the  Sacra  Via,  and  to 
the  Transtiberine  Region. 

Chapters  are  also  devoted  to  Building  Materials  and  Methods, 
and  the  History  of  the  Development  of  the  City. 


Handbook  of  Latin  Inscriptions 

By  W.  M.  LINDSAY,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford.    i6mo, 
cloth,  134  pages.     Price,  $1.25. 

THE  author  states  very  clearly  some  of  the  principles  of  form 
changes  in  Latin,  and  gives  a  collection  of  inscriptions  by 
way  of  illustration.     These  are  fifty-eight  in  number  and  extend 
from  the  earliest  period  down  to  Imperial  and  Late  Latin. 

41 


,1^™™  "!G.IONA1-  L'BRARY  FACILITY 


A    001414930    e 


